ROME IV FGIDs | Chapter 11: Bowel Disorders

ROME IV FGIDs | Chapter 10: Gastroduodenal Disorders

ROME IV FGIDs | Chapter 12: Centrally Mediated Disorders of Gastrointestinal Pain

Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, et al. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1480-91.
Talley NJ, Holtmann G, Agreus L, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms and subjects cluster into distinct upper and lower groupings in the community: a four nations study. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1439-47.
Wong RK, Palsson OS, Turner MJ, et al. Inability of the Rome III criteria to distinguish functional constipation from constipation-subtype irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:2228-34.
Bharucha AE, Locke GR, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Differences between painless and painful constipation among community women. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:604-12.
Shekhar C, Monaghan PJ, Morris J, et al. Rome III functional constipation and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation are similar disorders within a spectrum of sensitization, regulated by serotonin. Gastroenterology 2013;145:749-57; quiz e13-4.
Ford AC, Bercik P, Morgan DG, et al. Validation of the Rome III criteria for the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in secondary care. Gastroenterology 2013;145:1262-70 e1.
Palsson OS, Baggish JS, Turner MJ, et al. IBS patients show frequent fluctuations between loose/watery and hard/lumpy stools: implications for treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:286-95.
Rey E, Balboa A, Mearin F. Chronic constipation, irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and constipation with pain/discomfort: similarities and differences. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109:876-84.
Ford AC, Bercik P, Morgan DG, et al. Characteristics of functional bowel disorder patients: a cross-sectional survey using the Rome III criteria. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2014;39:312-21.
Agrawal A, Whorwell PJ. Review article: abdominal bloating and distension in functional gastrointestinal disorders--epidemiology and exploration of possible mechanisms. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;27:2-10.
Lacy BE, Gabbard SL, Crowell MD. Pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment of bloating: hope, hype, or hot air? Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2011;7:729-39.
Serra J, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Impaired transit and tolerance of intestinal gas in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2001;48:14-9.
Zhu Y, Zheng X, Cong Y, et al. Bloating and distention in irritable bowel syndrome: the role of gas production and visceral sensation after lactose ingestion in a population with lactase deficiency. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:1516-25.
Lovell RM, Ford AC. Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10:712-721 e4.
Ford AC, Forman D, Bailey AG, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome: a 10-yr natural history of symptoms and factors that influence consultation behavior. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1229-39; quiz 1240.
Halder SL, Locke GR, 3rd, Schleck CD, et al. Natural history of functional gastrointestinal disorders: a 12-year longitudinal population-based study. Gastroenterology 2007;133:799-807.
El-Serag HB, Pilgrim P, Schoenfeld P. Systemic review: Natural history of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19:861-70.
Palsson O, Whitehead WE, van Tilburg MAL, et al. Development and Validation of the Rome IV Diagnostic Questionnaire for Adults. Gastroenterology 2016.
Spiegel BM, Bolus R, Agarwal N, et al. Measuring symptoms in the irritable bowel syndrome: development of a framework for clinical trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:1275-91.
Palsson O, Heymen S, Whitehead WE. Abdominal Pain Versus Abdominal Discomfort: Implications for Diagnostic Assessment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). United European Gastroenterology Journal 2014;2:P405.
Lewis SJ, Heaton KW. Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997;32:920-4.
Engsbro AL, Simren M, Bytzer P. Short-term stability of subtypes in the irritable bowel syndrome: prospective evaluation using the Rome III classification. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012;35:350-9.
Heaton KW, O’Donnell LJ. An office guide to whole-gut transit time. Patients’ recollection of their stool form. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994;19:28-30.
Su AM, Shih W, Presson AP, et al. Characterization of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome with mixed bowel habit pattern. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014;26:36-45.
Guilera M, Balboa A, Mearin F. Bowel habit subtypes and temporal patterns in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:1174-84.
Garrigues V, Mearin F, Badia X, et al. Change over time of bowel habit in irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, observational, 1-year follow-up study (RITMO study). Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:323-32.
Drossman DA, Morris CB, Hu Y, et al. A prospective assessment of bowel habit in irritable bowel syndrome in women: defining an alternator. Gastroenterology 2005;128:580-9.
Mearin F, Lacy BE. Diagnostic criteria in IBS: useful or not? Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012;24:791-801.
Begtrup LM, Engsbro AL, Kjeldsen J, et al. A positive diagnostic strategy is noninferior to a strategy of exclusion for patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11:956-62 e1.
Spiegel BM, Farid M, Esrailian E, et al. Is irritable bowel syndrome a diagnosis of exclusion?: a survey of primary care providers, gastroenterologists, and IBS experts. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:848-58.
Vincent C, Young M, Phillips A. Why do people sue doctors? A study of patients and relatives taking legal action. Lancet 1994;343:1609-13.
Spiegel BM, Gralnek IM, Bolus R, et al. Is a negative colonoscopy associated with reassurance or improved health-related quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome? Gastrointest Endosc 2005;62:892-9.
Syndrome ACoGTFoIB, Brandt LJ, Chey WD, et al. An evidence-based position statement on the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104 Suppl 1:S1-35.
Ford AC, Talley NJ, Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJ, et al. Will the history and physical examination help establish that irritable bowel syndrome is causing this patient’s lower gastrointestinal tract symptoms? JAMA 2008;300:1793-805.
Manning AP, Thompson WG, Heaton KW, et al. Towards positive diagnosis of the irritable bowel. Br Med J 1978;2:653-4.
Kruis W, Thieme C, Weinzierl M, et al. A diagnostic score for the irritable bowel syndrome. Its value in the exclusion of organic disease. Gastroenterology 1984;87:1-7.
Drossman DA. A questionnaire for functional bowel disorders. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:627-9.
Thompson WG, Longstreth GF, Drossman DA, et al. Functional bowel disorders and functional abdominal pain. Gut 1999;45 Suppl 2:II43-7.
Thompson WG. Gastrointestinal symptoms in the irritable bowel compared with peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1984;25:1089-92.
Frigerio G, Beretta A, Orsenigo G, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome. Still far from a positive diagnosis. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37:164-7.
Vanner SJ, Depew WT, Paterson WG, et al. Predictive value of the Rome criteria for diagnosing the irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:2912-7.
Tibble JA, Sigthorsson G, Foster R, et al. Use of surrogate markers of inflammation and Rome criteria to distinguish organic from nonorganic intestinal disease. Gastroenterology 2002;123:450-60.
Dang J, Ardila-Hani A, Amichai MM, et al. Systematic review of diagnostic criteria for IBS demonstrates poor validity and utilization of Rome III. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012;24:853-e397.
Boyce PM, Koloski NA, Talley NJ. Irritable bowel syndrome according to varying diagnostic criteria: are the new Rome II criteria unnecessarily restrictive for research and practice? Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3176-83.
Mearin F, Badia X, Balboa A, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome prevalence varies enormously depending on the employed diagnostic criteria: comparison of Rome II versus previous criteria in a general population. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001;36:1155-61.
Mearin F, Roset M, Badia X, et al. Splitting irritable bowel syndrome: from original Rome to Rome II criteria. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:122-30.
Pimentel M, Hwang L, Melmed GY, et al. New clinical method for distinguishing D-IBS from other gastrointestinal conditions causing diarrhea: the LA/IBS diagnostic strategy. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:145-9.
Mayer EA. The search for biomarkers and endophenotypes in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology 2011;140:1377-9.
Camilleri M. Scintigraphic biomarkers for colonic dysmotility. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010;87:748-53.
Camilleri M, Shin A, Busciglio I, et al. Validating biomarkers of treatable mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014;26:1677-85.
Langhorst J, Elsenbruch S, Koelzer J, et al. Noninvasive markers in the assessment of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases: performance of fecal lactoferrin, calprotectin, and PMN-elastase, CRP, and clinical indices. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:162-9.
Sidhu R, Drew K, McAlindon ME, et al. Elevated serum chromogranin A in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): a shared model for pathogenesis? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010;16:361.
Excellence) NNIfHC. Faecal calprotectin diagnostic tests for inflammatory diseases of the bowel. 2013. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/dg11
Manz M, Burri E, Rothen C, et al. Value of fecal calprotectin in the evaluation of patients with abdominal discomfort: an observational study. BMC Gastroenterol 2012;12:5.
Pavlidis P, Chedgy FJ, Tibble JA. Diagnostic accuracy and clinical application of faecal calprotectin in adult patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms in primary care. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013;48:1048-54.
Waugh N, Cummins E, Royle P, et al. Faecal calprotectin testing for differentiating amongst inflammatory and non-inflammatory bowel diseases: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2013;17:xv-xix, 1-211.
Menees SB, Powell C, Kurlander J, et al. A meta-analysis of the utility of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fecal calprotectin, and fecal lactoferrin to exclude inflammatory bowel disease in adults with IBS. Am J Gastroenterol 2015;110:444-54.
Lembo AJ, Neri B, Tolley J, et al. Use of serum biomarkers in a diagnostic test for irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;29:834-42.
Sperber AD, Drossman DA. Irritable bowel syndrome: a multidimensional disorder cannot be understood or treated from a unidimensional perspective. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2012;5:387-93.
Patel P, Bercik P, Morgan DG, et al. Prevalence of organic disease at colonoscopy in patients with symptoms compatible with irritable bowel syndrome: cross-sectional survey. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015:1-8.
Vandvik PO, Wilhelmsen I, Ihlebaek C, et al. Comorbidity of irritable bowel syndrome in general practice: a striking feature with clinical implications. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20:1195-203.
Whitehead WE, Palsson OS, Levy RR, et al. Comorbidity in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:2767-76.
Spiegel B, Strickland A, Naliboff BD, et al. Predictors of patient-assessed illness severity in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:2536-43.
Austin P, Henderson S, Power I, et al. An international Delphi study to assess the need for multiaxial criteria in diagnosis and management of functional gastrointestinal disorders. J Psychosom Res 2013;75:128-34.
Palsson OS, Baggish J, Whitehead WE. Episodic nature of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109:1450-60.
Ragnarsson G, Bodemar G. Pain is temporally related to eating but not to defaecation in the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Patients’ description of diarrhea, constipation and symptom variation during a prospective 6-week study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;10:415-21.
Ganguli SC, Fergani H, Profiti R. Value of red flags in excluding organic disease in irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2004;16:666.
Whitehead WE, Palsson OS, Feld AD, et al. Utility of red flag symptom exclusions in the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:137-46.
Tantiphlachiva K, Rao P, Attaluri A, et al. Digital rectal examination is a useful tool for identifying patients with dyssynergia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8:955-60.
Chiarioni G, Kim SM, Whitehead WE. Dyssynergic defecation can be diagnosed by questionnaire and physical examination. Gastroenterology 2013;144:S366.
Ford AC, Chey WD, Talley NJ, et al. Yield of diagnostic tests for celiac disease in individuals with symptoms suggestive of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:651-8.
Furman DL, Cash BD. The role of diagnostic testing in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2011;40:105-19.
Mohseninejad L, Feenstra T, van der Horst HE, et al. Targeted screening for Coeliac Disease among irritable bowel syndrome patients: analysis of cost-effectiveness and value of information. Eur J Health Econ 2013;14:947-57.
Cash BD, Rubenstein JH, Young PE, et al. The prevalence of celiac disease among patients with nonconstipated irritable bowel syndrome is similar to controls. Gastroenterology 2011;141:1187-93.
Ghoshal UC, Srivastava D, Verma A, et al. Tropical sprue in 2014: the new face of an old disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2014;16:391.
Chey WD, Nojkov B, Rubenstein JH, et al. The yield of colonoscopy in patients with non-constipated irritable bowel syndrome: results from a prospective, controlled US trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:859-65.
Sciarretta G, Fagioli G, Furno A, et al. 75Se HCAT test in the detection of bile acid malabsorption in functional diarrhoea and its correlation with small bowel transit. Gut 1987;28:970-5.
Wedlake L, A’Hern R, Russell D, et al. Systematic review: the prevalence of idiopathic bile acid malabsorption as diagnosed by SeHCAT scanning in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;30:707-17.
Aziz I, Mumtaz S, Bholah H, et al. High Prevalence of Idiopathic Bile Acid Diarrhea Among Patients With Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome Based on Rome III Criteria. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015.
Fernandez-Banares F, Esteve M, Salas A, et al. Systematic evaluation of the causes of chronic watery diarrhea with functional characteristics. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:2520-8.
Money ME, Camilleri M. Review: Management of postprandial diarrhea syndrome. Am J Med 2012;125:538-44.
Camilleri M, Lasch K, Zhou W. Irritable bowel syndrome: methods, mechanisms, and pathophysiology. The confluence of increased permeability, inflammation, and pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012;303:G775-85.
Keszthelyi D, Troost FJ, Simren M, et al. Revisiting concepts of visceral nociception in irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Pain 2012;16:1444-54.
Matricon J, Meleine M, Gelot A, et al. Review article: Associations between immune activation, intestinal permeability and the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012;36:1009-31.
Mayer EA, Bradesi S, Chang L, et al. Functional GI disorders: from animal models to drug development. Gut 2008;57:384-404.
Ohman L, Simren M. Pathogenesis of IBS: role of inflammation, immunity and neuroimmune interactions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;7:163-73.
Ohman L, Simren M. New insights into the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Liver Dis 2007;39:201-15.
Simren M, Barbara G, Flint HJ, et al. Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report. Gut 2013;62:159-76.
Drossman DA. Gastrointestinal illness and the biopsychosocial model. J Clin Gastroenterol 1996;22:252-4.
Lea R, Whorwell PJ. New insights into the psychosocial aspects of irritable bowel syndrome. Current gastroenterology reports 2003;5:343-50.
Kalantar JS, Locke GR, 3rd, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Familial aggregation of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective study. Gut 2003;52:1703-7.
Morris-Yates A, Talley NJ, Boyce PM, et al. Evidence of a genetic contribution to functional bowel disorder. The American journal of gastroenterology 1998;93:1311-7.
Mohammed I, Cherkas LF, Riley SA, et al. Genetic influences in irritable bowel syndrome: a twin study. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:1340-4.
Levy RL, Jones KR, Whitehead WE, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome in twins: heredity and social learning both contribute to etiology. Gastroenterology 2001;121:799-804.
Ek WE, Reznichenko A, Ripke S, et al. Exploring the genetics of irritable bowel syndrome: a GWA study in the general population and replication in multinational case-control cohorts. Gut 2014.
Thabane M, Kottachchi DT, Marshall JK. Systematic review and meta-analysis: the incidence and prognosis of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 2007;26:535-544.
Villani AC, Lemire M, Thabane M, et al. Genetic risk factors for post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome following a waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis. Gastroenterology 2010;138:1502-13.
van der Veek PP, van den BM, de Kroon YE, et al. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:2510-2516.
Zucchelli M, Camilleri M, Andreasson AN, et al. Association of TNFSF15 polymorphism with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2011;60:1671-1677.
Swan C, Duroudier NP, Campbell E, et al. Identifying and testing candidate genetic polymorphisms in the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): association with TNFSF15 and TNFalpha. Gut 2013;62:985-94.
Bashashati M, Rezaei N, Bashashati H, et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms are associated with irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurogastroenterol.Motil. 2012;24:1102-e566.
Kumar S, Ranjan P, Mittal B, et al. Serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) polymorphism in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and healthy controls. J Gastrointestin.Liver Dis. 2012;21:31-38.
Markoutsaki T, Karantanos T, Gazouli M, et al. Serotonin transporter and G protein beta 3 subunit gene polymorphisms in Greeks with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig.Dis.Sci. 2011;56:3276-3280.
Park JM, Choi MG, Park JA, et al. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2006;18:995-1000.
Yeo A, Boyd P, Lumsden S, et al. Association between a functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene and diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome in women. Gut 2004;53:1452-8.
Park CS, Uhm JH. Polymorphisms of the Serotonin Transporter Gene and G-Protein beta3 Subunit Gene in Korean Children with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Dyspepsia. Gut Liver 2012;6:223-228.
Niesler B, Kapeller J, Fell C, et al. 5-HTTLPR and STin2 polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene and irritable bowel syndrome: effect of bowel habit and sex. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2010;22:856-861.
Coates MD, Mahoney CR, Linden DR, et al. Molecular defects in mucosal serotonin content and decreased serotonin reuptake transporter in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1657-1664.
Foley S, Garsed K, Singh G, et al. Impaired uptake of serotonin by platelets from patients with irritable bowel syndrome correlates with duodenal immune activation. Gastroenterology 2011;140:1434-43 e1.
Camilleri M, Andrews CN, Bharucha AE, et al. Alterations in expression of p11 and SERT in mucosal biopsy specimens of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2007;132:17-25.
Bellini M, Rappelli L, Blandizzi C, et al. Platelet serotonin transporter in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome both before and after treatment with alosetron. Am.J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:2705-2711.
Spinelli S, Schwandt ML, Lindell SG, et al. Association between the recombinant human serotonin transporter linked promoter region polymorphism and behavior in rhesus macaques during a separation paradigm. Dev.Psychopathol. 2007;19:977-987.
Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003;301:386-9.
Araya R, Hu X, Heron J, et al. Effects of stressful life events, maternal depression and 5-HTTLPR genotype on emotional symptoms in pre-adolescent children. Am J Med Genet.B Neuropsychiatr.Genet. 2009;150B:670-682.
Kapeller J, Houghton LA, Monnikes H, et al. First evidence for an association of a functional variant in the microRNA-510 target site of the serotonin receptor-type 3E gene with diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2008;17:2967-77.
Aerssens J, Camilleri M, Talloen W, et al. Alterations in mucosal immunity identified in the colon of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:194-205.
Camilleri M, Carlson P, McKinzie S, et al. Genetic susceptibility to inflammation and colonic transit in lower functional gastrointestinal disorders: preliminary analysis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011.
Camilleri M, Vazquez-Roque MI, Carlson P, et al. Association of bile acid receptor TGR5 variation and transit in health and lower functional gastrointestinal disorders. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2011;23:995-9, e458.
Mayer EA, Naliboff BD, Chang L, et al. V. Stress and irritable bowel syndrome. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 2001;280:G519-24.
Bradford K, Shih W, Videlock EJ, et al. Association between early adverse life events and irritable bowel syndrome. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association 2012;10:385-90.e1.
Chitkara DK, van Tilburg MA, Blois-Martin N, et al. Early life risk factors that contribute to irritable bowel syndrome in adults: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:765-74; quiz 775.
Drossman DA, Leserman J, Nachman G, et al. Sexual and physical abuse in women with functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders. Annals of internal medicine 1990;113:828-33.
Talley NJ, Fett SL, Zinsmeister AR. Self-reported abuse and gastrointestinal disease in outpatients: association with irritable bowel-type symptoms. The American journal of gastroenterology 1995;90:366-71.
Talley NJ, Fett SL, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Gastrointestinal tract symptoms and self-reported abuse: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 1994;107:1040-9.
Herschbach P, Henrich G, von Rad M. Psychological factors in functional gastrointestinal disorders: characteristics of the disorder or of the illness behavior? Psychosomatic medicine 1999;61:148-53.
Leserman J, Drossman DA, Li Z, et al. Sexual and physical abuse history in gastroenterology practice: how types of abuse impact health status. Psychosomatic medicine 1996;58:4-15.
Chang L. The role of stress on physiologic responses and clinical symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2011;140:761-5.
Gwee KA, Leong YL, Graham C, et al. The role of psychological and biological factors in postinfective gut dysfunction. Gut 1999;44:400-6.
Bennett EJ, Tennant CC, Piesse C, et al. Level of chronic life stress predicts clinical outcome in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1998;43:256-61.
Gray GC, Reed RJ, Kaiser KS, et al. Self-reported symptoms and medical conditions among 11,868 Gulf War-era veterans: the Seabee Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:1033-44.
Porter CK, Gloor K, Cash BD, et al. Risk of functional gastrointestinal disorders in U.S. military following self-reported diarrhea and vomiting during deployment. Dig Dis Sci 2011;56:3262-9.
McKee DP, Quigley EM. Intestinal motility in irritable bowel syndrome: is IBS a motility disorder? Part 1. Definition of IBS and colonic motility. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:1761-72.
McKee DP, Quigley EM. Intestinal motility in irritable bowel syndrome: is IBS a motility disorder? Part 2. Motility of the small bowel, esophagus, stomach, and gall-bladder. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:1773-82.
Connell AM. The motility of the pelvic colon. II. Paradoxical motility in diarrhoea and constipation Gut 1962;3:342-348.
Wangel DG, Deller DJ. Intestinal motility in man. III. Mechanisms of constipation and diarrhoea with particular reference to the irritable bowel. Gastroenterology 1965;48:69-84.
Snape WJ, Carlson GM, Matarazzo SA, et al. Evidence that abnormal myoelectrical activity produces colonic motor dysfunction in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1977;72:383-7.
Sarna S, Latimer P, Campbell D, et al. Effect of stress, meal and neostigmine on rectosigmoid electrical control activity (ECA) in normals and in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Dig Dis Sci 1982;27:582-91.
Latimer P, Sarna S, Campbell D, et al. Colonic motor and myoelectrical activity: a comparative study of normal subjects, psychoneurotic patients, and patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1981;80:893-901.
Madhu SV, Vij JC, Bhatnagar OP, et al. Colonic myoelectric activity in irritable bowel syndrome before and after treatment. Indian J Gastroenterol 1993;7:31-33.
Katschinski M, Lederer P, Ellermann A, et al. Myoelectric and manometric patterns of human rectosigmoid colon in irritable bowel syndrome and diverticulosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990;25:761-8.
Narducci F, Bassotti G, Granata MT, et al. Colonic motility and gastric emptying in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Effect of pretreatment with octylonium bromide. Dig Dis Sci 1986;31:241-6.
Rao SS, Singh S. Clinical utility of colonic and anorectal manometry in chronic constipation. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010;44:597-609.
Chey WY, Jin HO, Lee MH, et al. Colonic motility abnormality in patients with irritable bowel syndrome exhibiting abdominal pain and diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:1499-506.
Clemens CH, Samsom M, Van Berge Henegouwen GP, et al. Abnormalities of left colonic motility in ambulant nonconstipated patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2003;48:74-82.
Corsetti M, Cesana B, Bhoori S, et al. Rectal hyperreactivity to distention in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: role of distention rate. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:49-56.
Bassotti G, de Roberto G, Chistolini F, et al. Twenty-four-hour manometric study of colonic propulsive activity in patients with diarrhea due to inflammatory (ulcerative colitis) and non-inflammatory (irritable bowel syndrome) conditions. Int J Colorectal Dis 2004;19:493-7.
Rao SS, Sadeghi P, Beaty J, et al. Ambulatory 24-hour colonic manometry in slow-transit constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:2405-16.
Singh S, Heady S, Coss-Adame E, et al. Clinical utility of colonic manometry in slow transit constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013;25:487-95.
Dinning PG, Zarate N, Hunt LM, et al. Pancolonic spatiotemporal mapping reveals regional deficiencies in, and disorganization of colonic propagating pressure waves in severe constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010;22:e340-9.
Dinning PG, Wiklendt L, Gibbins I, et al. Low-resolution colonic manometry leads to a gross misinterpretation of the frequency and polarity of propagating sequences: Initial results from fiber-optic high-resolution manometry studies. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013;25:e640-9.
Bampton PA, Dinning PG. High resolution colonic manometry--what have we learnt?--A review of the literature 2012. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2013;15:328.
Lindberg G. High-resolution manometry changes our views of gastrointestinal motility. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013;25:780-2.
Rogers J, Henry MM, Misiewicz JJ. Increased segmental activity and intraluminal pressures in the sigmoid colon of patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1989;30:634-41.
Sullivan MA, Cohen S, Snape WJ, Jr. Colonic myoelectrical activity in irritable-bowel syndrome. Effect of eating and anticholinergics. N Engl J Med 1978;298:878-83.
Vassallo MJ, Camilleri M, Phillips SF, et al. Colonic tone and motility in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 1992;67:725-31.
Simren M, Abrahamsson H, Bjornsson ES. An exaggerated sensory component of the gastrocolonic response in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2001;48:20-7.
Simren M, Agerforz P, Bjornsson ES, et al. Nutrient-dependent enhancement of rectal sensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007;19:20-9.
Tornblom H, Van Oudenhove L, Tack J, et al. Interaction between preprandial and postprandial rectal sensory and motor abnormalities in IBS. Gut 2014;63:1441-9.
Tornblom H, Van Oudenhove L, Tack J, et al. Interaction between preprandial and postprandial rectal sensory and motor abnormalities in IBS. Gut 2013.
Park JH, Baek YH, Park DI, et al. Analysis of rectal dynamic and static compliances in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Int J Colorectal Dis 2008;23:659-64.
Steens J, Van Der Schaar PJ, Penning C, et al. Compliance, tone and sensitivity of the rectum in different subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2002;14:241-7.
Cann PA, Read NW, Brown C, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome: relationship of disorders in the transit of a single solid meal to symptom patterns. Gut 1983;24:405-11.
Jian R, Najean Y, Bernier JJ. Measurement of intestinal progression of a meal and its residues in normal subjects and patients with functional diarrhoea by a dual isotope technique. Gut 1984;25:728-31.
Sadik R, Bjornsson E, Simren M. The relationship between symptoms, body mass index, gastrointestinal transit and stool frequency in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;22:102-8.
Yu D, Cheeseman F, Vanner S. Combined oro-caecal scintigraphy and lactulose hydrogen breath testing demonstrate that breath testing detects oro-caecal transit, not small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with IBS. Gut 2011;60:334-40.
Nielsen OH, Gjorup T, Christensen FN. Gastric emptying rate and small bowel transit time in patients with irritable bowel syndrome determined with 99mTc-labeled pellets and scintigraphy. Dig Dis Sci 1986;31:1287-91.
van der Sijp JR, Kamm MA, Nightingale JM, et al. Radioisotope determination of regional colonic transit in severe constipation: comparison with radio opaque markers. Gut 1993;34:402-8.
Vassallo M, Camilleri M, Phillips SF, et al. Transit through the proximal colon influences stool weight in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1992;102:102-8.
Degen LP, Phillips SF. How well does stool form reflect colonic transit? Gut 1996;39:109-13.
Glia A, Lindberg G, Nilsson LH, et al. Clinical value of symptom assessment in patients with constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:1401-8; discussion 1408-10.
O’Donnell LJ, Virjee J, Heaton KW. Detection of pseudodiarrhoea by simple clinical assessment of intestinal transit rate. BMJ 1990;300:439-40.
Saad RJ, Rao SS, Koch KL, et al. Do stool form and frequency correlate with whole-gut and colonic transit? Results from a multicenter study in constipated individuals and healthy controls. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:403-11.
Charles F, Camilleri M, Phillips SF, et al. Scintigraphy of the whole gut: clinical evaluation of transit disorders. Mayo Clinic proceedings 1995;70:113-8.
Camilleri M, McKinzie S, Busciglio I, et al. Prospective study of motor, sensory, psychologic, and autonomic functions in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association 2008;6:772-81.
Manabe N, Wong BS, Camilleri M, et al. Lower functional gastrointestinal disorders: evidence of abnormal colonic transit in a 287 patient cohort. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2010;22:293-e82.
Tornblom H, Van Oudenhove L, Sadik R, et al. Colonic transit time and IBS symptoms: what’s the link? Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:754-60.
Shim L, Talley NJ, Boyce P, et al. Stool characteristics and colonic transit in irritable bowel syndrome: evaluation at two time points. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 2013;48:295-301.
Lanng C, Mortensen D, Friis M, et al. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in a community sample of subjects with symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion 2003;67:14-9.
Thomaidis T, Goetz M, Gregor SP, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome and organic diseases: a comparative analysis of esophageal motility. World journal of gastroenterology : WJG 2013;19:6408-15.
Caballero-Plasencia AM, Valenzuela-Barranco M, Herrerias-Gutierrez JM, et al. Altered gastric emptying in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Nucl Med 1999;26:404-9.
van Wijk HJ, Smout AJ, Akkermans LM, et al. Gastric emptying and dyspeptic symptoms in the irritable bowel syndrome. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 1992;27:99-102.
Evans PR, Bak YT, Shuter B, et al. Gastroparesis and small bowel dysmotility in irritable bowel syndrome. Digestive diseases and sciences 1997;42:2087-93.
Kellow JE, Gill RC, Wingate DL. Prolonged ambulant recordings of small bowel motility demonstrate abnormalities in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1990;98:1208-18.
Kellow JE, Phillips SF. Altered small bowel motility in irritable bowel syndrome is correlated with symptoms. Gastroenterology 1987;92:1885-93.
Schmidt T, Hackelsberger N, Widmer R, et al. Ambulatory 24-hour jejunal motility in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 1996;31:581-9.
Simren M, Castedal M, Svedlund J, et al. Abnormal propagation pattern of duodenal pressure waves in the irritable bowel syndrome [IBS]. . Dig Dis Sci 2000;45:2151-2161.
Evans PR, Bennett EJ, Bak YT, et al. Jejunal sensorimotor dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome: clinical and psychosocial features. Gastroenterology 1996;110:393-404.
Mayer EA. The neurobiology of stress and gastrointestinal disease. Gut 2000;47:861-9.
Bouin M, Plourde V, Boivin M, et al. Rectal distention testing in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of pain sensory thresholds. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1771-7.
Naliboff BD, Munakata J, Fullerton S, et al. Evidence for two distinct perceptual alterations in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1997;41:505-12.
Dorn SD, Palsson OS, Thiwan SI, et al. Increased colonic pain sensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome is the result of an increased tendency to report pain rather than increased neurosensory sensitivity. Gut 2007;56:1202-9.
Mertz H, Naliboff B, Munakata J, et al. Altered rectal perception is a biological marker of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1995;109:40-52.
Basbaum AI, Jessell TM. The perception of pain. In: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, eds. Principles of Neuroscience. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000:472-491.
Whitehead WE, Holtkotter B, Enck P, et al. Tolerance for rectosigmoid distention in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1990;98:1187-92.
Whitehead WE, Palsson OS. Is rectal pain sensitivity a biological marker for irritable bowel syndrome: psychological influences on pain perception. Gastroenterology 1998;115:1263-71.
Munakata J, Naliboff B, Harraf F, et al. Repetitive sigmoid stimulation induces rectal hyperalgesia in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1997;112:55-63.
Gonlachanvit S, Mahayosnond A, Kullavanijaya P. Effects of chili on postprandial gastrointestinal symptoms in diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome: evidence for capsaicin-sensitive visceral nociception hypersensitivity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009;21:23-32.
Drewes AM, Petersen P, Rössel P, et al. Sensitivity and distensibility of the rectum and sigmoid colon in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 2001;36:827-32.
Rossel P, Drewes AM, Petersen P, et al. Pain produced by electric stimulation of the rectum in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: further evidence of visceral hyperalgesia. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999;34:1001-6.
Chang L, Mayer EA, Labus JS, et al. Effect of sex on perception of rectosigmoid stimuli in irritable bowel syndrome. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 2006;291:R277-84.
Prior A, Maxton DG, Whorwell PJ. Anorectal manometry in irritable bowel syndrome: differences between diarrhoea and constipation predominant subjects. Gut 1990;31:458-62.
Schmulson M, Chang L, Naliboff B, et al. Correlation of symptom criteria with perception thresholds during rectosigmoid distension in irritable bowel syndrome patients. The American journal of gastroenterology 2000;95:152-6.
Simren M, Abrahamsson H, Bjornsson ES. Lipid-induced colonic hypersensitivity in the irritable bowel syndrome: the role of bowel habit, sex, and psychologic factors. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:201-8.
Posserud I, Agerforz P, Ekman R, et al. Altered visceral perceptual and neuroendocrine response in patients with irritable bowel syndrome during mental stress. Gut 2004;53:1102-8.
Whitehead WE, Crowell MD, Davidoff AL, et al. Pain from rectal distension in women with irritable bowel syndrome: relationship to sexual abuse. Digestive diseases and sciences 1997;42:796-804.
Posserud I, Syrous A, Lindstrom L, et al. Altered rectal perception in irritable bowel syndrome is associated with symptom severity. Gastroenterology 2007;133:1113-23.
Naliboff BD, Berman S, Suyenobu B, et al. Longitudinal change in perceptual and brain activation response to visceral stimuli in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Gastroenterology 2006;131:352-65.
Poitras P, Riberdy Poitras M, Plourde V, et al. Evolution of visceral sensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Digestive diseases and sciences 2002;47:914-20.
Le Neve B, Posserud I, Bohn L, et al. A combined nutrient and lactulose challenge test allows symptom-based clustering of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:786-95.
Woolf CJ, Salter MW. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2000;288:1765-9.
Bouin M, Delvaux M, Blanc C, et al. Intrarectal injection of glycerol induces hypersensitivity to rectal distension in healthy subjects without modifying rectal compliance. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology 2001;13:573-80.
Simren M, Stotzer PO. Use and abuse of hydrogen breath tests. Gut 2006;55 SRC - GoogleScholar:297-303.
Verne GN, Robinson ME, Vase L, et al. Reversal of visceral and cutaneous hyperalgesia by local rectal anesthesia in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. Pain 2003;105:223-30.
Verne GN, Sen A, Price DD. Intrarectal lidocaine is an effective treatment for abdominal pain associated with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society 2005;6:493-6.
Lembo T, Munakata J, Mertz H, et al. Evidence for the hypersensitivity of lumbar splanchnic afferents in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1994;107:1686-96.
Barbara G, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R, et al. Activated mast cells in proximity to colonic nerves correlate with abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2004;126:693-702.
Barbara G, Wang B, Stanghellini V, et al. Mast cell-dependent excitation of visceral-nociceptive sensory neurons in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2007;132:26-37.
Simpson J, Sundler F, Humes DJ, et al. Prolonged elevation of galanin and tachykinin expression in mucosal and myenteric enteric nerves in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid colitis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008;20:392-406.
Hughes PA, Brierley SM, Martin CM, et al. TRPV1-expressing sensory fibres and IBS: links with immune function. Gut 2009;58:465-466.
Akbar A, Yiangou Y, Facer P, et al. Increased capsaicin receptor TRPV1-expressing sensory fibres in irritable bowel syndrome and their correlation with abdominal pain. Gut 2008;57:923-929.
Yu YB, Zuo XL, Zhao QJ, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor contributes to abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2012;61:685-694.
Chang L, Munakata J, Mayer EA, et al. Perceptual responses in patients with inflammatory and functional bowel disease. Gut 2000;47:497-505.
Mayer EA, Berman S, Suyenobu B, et al. Differences in brain responses to visceral pain between patients with irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis. Pain 2005;115:398-409.
Tillisch K, Mayer EA, Labus JS. Quantitative meta-analysis identifies brain regions activated during rectal distension in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2011;140:91-100.
Larsson MB, Tillisch K, Craig AD, et al. Brain responses to visceral stimuli reflect visceral sensitivity thresholds in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2012;142:463-472 e3.
Accarino AM, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Selective dysfunction of mechanosensitive intestinal afferents in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1995;108:636-43.
Chang L, Mayer EA, Johnson T, et al. Differences in somatic perception in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome with and without fibromyalgia. Pain 2000;84:297-307.
Rodrigues AC, Nicholas Verne G, Schmidt S, et al. Hypersensitivity to cutaneous thermal nociceptive stimuli in irritable bowel syndrome. Pain 2005;115:5-11.
Verne GN, Robinson ME, Price DD. Hypersensitivity to visceral and cutaneous pain in the irritable bowel syndrome. Pain 2001;93:7-14.
Stabell N, Stubhaug A, Flaegstad T, et al. Increased pain sensitivity among adults reporting irritable bowel syndrome symptoms in a large population-based study. Pain 2013;154:385-92.
Caldarella MP, Giamberardino MA, Sacco F, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. The American journal of gastroenterology 2006;101:2782-9.
Moshiree B, Price DD, Robinson ME, et al. Thermal and visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome patients with and without fibromyalgia. The Clinical journal of pain 2007;23:323-30.
Chang L, Berman S, Mayer EA, et al. Brain responses to visceral and somatic stimuli in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with and without fibromyalgia. The American journal of gastroenterology 2003;98:1354-61.
Kim SE, Chang L. Overlap between functional GI disorders and other functional syndromes: what are the underlying mechanisms? Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2012;24:895-913.
McEwen BS. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience 2006;8:367-81.
Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, et al. The sympathetic nerve--an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system. Pharmacological reviews 2000;52:595-638.
Hansen MB. The enteric nervous system I: organisation and classification. Pharmacology & toxicology 2003;92:105-13.
Mazurak N, Seredyuk N, Sauer H, et al. Heart rate variability in the irritable bowel syndrome: a review of the literature. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2012;24:206-16.
Heitkemper M, Burr RL, Jarrett M, et al. Evidence for autonomic nervous system imbalance in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Digestive diseases and sciences 1998;43:2093-8.
Ng C, Malcolm A, Hansen R, et al. Feeding and colonic distension provoke altered autonomic responses in irritable bowel syndrome. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 2007;42:441-6.
van Orshoven NP, Andriesse GI, van Schelven LJ, et al. Subtle involvement of the parasympathetic nervous system in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Auton Res 2006;16:33-9.
Tillisch K, Mayer EA, Labus JS, et al. Sex specific alterations in autonomic function among patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2005;54:1396-401.
Cheng P, Shih W, Alberto M, et al. Autonomic response to a visceral stressor is dysregulated in irritable bowel syndrome and correlates with duration of disease. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2013;25:e650-9.
Elsenbruch S, Lucas A, Holtmann G, et al. Public speaking stress-induced neuroendocrine responses and circulating immune cell redistribution in irritable bowel syndrome. The American journal of gastroenterology 2006;101:2300-7.
Aggarwal A, Cutts TF, Abell TL, et al. Predominant symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome correlate with specific autonomic nervous system abnormalities. Gastroenterology 1994;106:945-50.
Cain KC, Jarrett ME, Burr RL, et al. Heart rate variability is related to pain severity and predominant bowel pattern in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2007;19:110-8.
Jarrett ME, Burr RL, Cain KC, et al. Anxiety and depression are related to autonomic nervous system function in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Digestive diseases and sciences 2003;48:386-94.
Kiank C, Tache Y, Larauche M. Stress-related modulation of inflammation in experimental models of bowel disease and post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: role of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors. Brain Behav Immun 2010;24:41-8.
Larauche M, Mulak A, Tache Y. Stress and visceral pain: from animal models to clinical therapies. Exp Neurol 2012;233:49-67.
Sweetser S, Camilleri M, Linker Nord SJ, et al. Do corticotropin releasing factor-1 receptors influence colonic transit and bowel function in women with irritable bowel syndrome? American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 2009;296:G1299-306.
Burr RL, Jarrett ME, Cain KC, et al. Catecholamine and cortisol levels during sleep in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2009;21:1148-e97.
Chang L, Sundaresh S, Elliott J, et al. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2009;21:149-59.
Zhou Q, Fillingim RB, Riley JL, et al. Central and peripheral hypersensitivity in the irritable bowel syndrome. Pain 2010;148:454-61.
Videlock EJ, Adeyemo M, Licudine A, et al. Childhood trauma is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2009;137:1954-62.
Elsenbruch S, Lovallo WR, Orr WC. Psychological and physiological responses to postprandial mental stress in women with the irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosomatic medicine 2001;63:805-13.
Heitkemper MM, Cain KC, Deechakawan W, et al. Anticipation of public speaking and sleep and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2012;24:626-31, e270.
Dinan TG, Quigley EM, Ahmed SM, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gut axis dysregulation in irritable bowel syndrome: plasma cytokines as a potential biomarker? Gastroenterology 2006;130:304-11.
Fukudo S, Nomura T, Hongo M. Impact of corticotropin-releasing hormone on gastrointestinal motility and adrenocorticotropic hormone in normal controls and patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1998;42:845-9.
Elsenbruch S, Holtmann G, Oezcan D, et al. Are there alterations of neuroendocrine and cellular immune responses to nutrients in women with irritable bowel syndrome? The American journal of gastroenterology 2004;99:703-10.
Bohmelt AH, Nater UM, Franke S, et al. Basal and stimulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders and healthy controls. Psychosom Med 2005;67:288-94.
FitzGerald LZ, Kehoe P, Sinha K. Hypothalamic--pituitary-- adrenal axis dysregulation in women with irritable bowel syndrome in response to acute physical stress. Western journal of nursing research 2009;31:818-36.
Dunlop SP, Jenkins D, Spiller RC. Distinctive clinical, psychological, and histological features of postinfective irritable bowel syndrome. The American journal of gastroenterology 2003;98:1578-83.
McKendrick MW. Post Salmonella irritable bowel syndrome--5 year review. J Infect 1996;32:170-171.
Neal KR, Barker L, Spiller RC. Prognosis in post-infective irritable bowel syndrome: a six year follow up study. Gut 2002;51:410-3.
Ruigomez A, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Panes J. Risk of irritable bowel syndrome after an episode of bacterial gastroenteritis in general practice: influence of comorbidities. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:465-469.
Neal KR, Hebden J, Spiller R. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms six months after bacterial gastroenteritis and risk factors for development of the irritable bowel syndrome: postal survey of patients. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 1997;314:779-82.
Schwille-Kiuntke J, Enck P, Zendler C, et al. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome: follow-up of a patient cohort of confirmed cases of bacterial infection with Salmonella or Campylobacter. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011;23:e479-e488.
Troeger H, Loddenkemper C, Schneider T, et al. Structural and functional changes of the duodenum in human norovirus infection. Gut 2009;58:1070-1077.
Porter CK, Gormley R, Tribble DR, et al. The Incidence and gastrointestinal infectious risk of functional gastrointestinal disorders in a healthy US adult population. The American journal of gastroenterology 2011;106:130-8.
Marshall JK, Thabane M, Borgaonkar MR, et al. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome after a food-borne outbreak of acute gastroenteritis attributed to a viral pathogen. Clin.Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2007;5:457-460.
Zanini B, Ricci C, Bandera F, et al. Incidence of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome and functional intestinal disorders following a water-borne viral gastroenteritis outbreak. The American journal of gastroenterology 2012;107:891-9.
Wensaas KA, Langeland N, Hanevik K, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue 3 years after acute giardiasis: historic cohort study. Gut 2011.
Morken MH, Lind RA, Valeur J, et al. Subjective health complaints and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome following Giardia lamblia infection: A case control study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008:1-6.
Chaudhary NA, Truelove SC. The irritable colon syndrome. A study of the clinical features, predisposing causes, and prognosis in 130 cases. Q.J Med 1962;31:307-322.
Dunlop SP, Jenkins D, Neal KR, et al. Relative importance of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia, anxiety, and depression in postinfectious IBS. Gastroenterology 2003;125:1651-9.
Soyturk M, Akpinar H, Gurler O, et al. Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Persons Who Acquired Trichinellosis. The American Journal Of Gastroenterology 2007;102:1064-1069.
Marshall JK, Thabane M, Garg AX, et al. Eight year prognosis of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome following waterborne bacterial dysentery. Gut 2010;59:605-611.
Thornley JP, Jenkins D, Neal K, et al. Relationship of Campylobacter toxigenicity in vitro to the development of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. J.Infect.Dis. 2001;184:606-609.
Spiller R, Garsed K. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2009;136:1979-88.
Halpin SJ, Ford AC. Prevalence of symptoms meeting criteria for irritable bowel syndrome in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. The American journal of gastroenterology 2012;107:1474-82.
Collins SM. A case for an immunological basis for irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2002;122:2078-80.
Martinez C, Lobo B, Pigrau M, et al. Diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: an organic disorder with structural abnormalities in the jejunal epithelial barrier. Gut 2013;62:1160-1168.
Cremon C, Gargano L, Morselli-Labate AM, et al. Mucosal immune activation in irritable bowel syndrome: gender-dependence and association with digestive symptoms. The American journal of gastroenterology 2009;104:392-400.
Buhner S, Li Q, Vignali S, et al. Activation of human enteric neurons by supernatants of colonic biopsy specimens from patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2009;137:1425-34.
Guilarte M, Santos J, de Torres I, et al. Diarrhoea-predominant IBS patients show mast cell activation and hyperplasia in the jejunum. Gut 2007;56:203-9.
Vivinus-Nebot M, Dainese R, Anty R, et al. Combination of allergic factors can worsen diarrheic irritable bowel syndrome: role of barrier defects and mast cells. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:75-81.
O’Sullivan M, Clayton N, Breslin NP, et al. Increased mast cells in the irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2000;12:449-57.
Chang L, Adeyemo M, Karagiannides I, et al. Serum and colonic mucosal immune markers in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:262-72.
Cenac N, Andrews CN, Holzhausen M, et al. Role for protease activity in visceral pain in irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Invest 2007;117:636-47.
Klooker TK, Braak B, Koopman KE, et al. The mast cell stabiliser ketotifen decreases visceral hypersensitivity and improves intestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2010;59:1213-21.
Buhner S, Li Q, Berger T, et al. Submucous rather than myenteric neurons are activated by mucosal biopsy supernatants from irritable bowel syndrome patients. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2012;24:1134-e572.
Balestra B, Vicini R, Cremon C, et al. Colonic mucosal mediators from patients with irritable bowel syndrome excite enteric cholinergic motor neurons. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2012;24:1118-e570.
Santos J, Saperas E, Nogueiras C, et al. Release of mast cell mediators into the jejunum by cold pain stress in humans. Gastroenterology 1998;114:640-648.
Di Nardo G, Barbara G, Cucchiara S, et al. Neuroimmune interactions at different intestinal sites are related to abdominal pain symptoms in children with IBS. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013.
Dinan TG, Clarke G, Quigley EM, et al. Enhanced cholinergic-mediated increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in irritable bowel syndrome: role of muscarinic receptors. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:2570-6.
Liebregts T, Adam B, Bredack C, et al. Immune activation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2007;132:913-20.
Kindt S, Van Oudenhove L, Broekaert D, et al. Immune dysfunction in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2009;21:389-98.
Hughes PA, Harrington AM, Castro J, et al. Sensory neuro-immune interactions differ between irritable bowel syndrome subtypes. Gut 2013;62:1456-65.
Scully P, McKernan DP, Keohane J, et al. Plasma cytokine profiles in females with irritable bowel syndrome and extra-intestinal co-morbidity. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:2235-43.
Ohman L, Isaksson S, Lundgren A, et al. A controlled study of colonic immune activity and beta7+ blood T lymphocytes in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:980-6.
Chadwick VS, Chen W, Shu D, et al. Activation of the mucosal immune system in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1778-83.
Spiller RC, Jenkins D, Thornley JP, et al. Increased rectal mucosal enteroendocrine cells, T lymphocytes, and increased gut permeability following acute Campylobacter enteritis and in post-dysenteric irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2000;47:804-11.
Tornblom H, Lindberg G, Nyberg B, et al. Full-thickness biopsy of the jejunum reveals inflammation and enteric neuropathy in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2002;123 SRC - GoogleScholar:1972-9.
Ohman L, Isaksson S, Lindmark AC, et al. T-cell activation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:1205-12.
Holmen N, Isaksson S, Simren M, et al. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007;19:119-25.
Rodriguez-Fandino O, Hernandez-Ruiz J, Lopez-Vidal Y, et al. Intestinal recruiting and activation profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns stimulation in patients with IBS. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013;25:872-e699.
Brint EK, MacSharry J, Fanning A, et al. Differential expression of toll-like receptors in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106:329-36.
McKernan DP, Gaszner G, Quigley EM, et al. Altered peripheral toll-like receptor responses in the irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2011;33:1045-52.
Ohman L, Lindmark AC, Isaksson S, et al. Increased TLR2 expression on blood monocytes in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;24:398-405.
Belmonte L, Beutheu Youmba S, Bertiaux-Vandaele N, et al. Role of toll like receptors in irritable bowel syndrome: differential mucosal immune activation according to the disease subtype. PLoS One 2012;7:e42777.
Ohman L, Lindmark AC, Isaksson S, et al. B-cell activation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009;21:644-50, e27.
Dunlop SP, Coleman NS, Blackshaw E, et al. Abnormalities of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in irritable bowel syndrome. Clin.Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2005;3:349-357.
Bearcroft CP, Perrett D, Farthing MJ. Postprandial plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine in diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study. Gut 1998;42:42-46.
Atkinson W, Lockhart S, Whorwell PJ, et al. Altered 5-hydroxytryptamine signaling in patients with constipation- and diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2006;130:34-43.
Houghton LA, Atkinson W, Lockhart C, et al. Sigmoid-colonic motility in health and irritable bowel syndrome: a role for 5-hydroxytryptamine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007;19:724-731.
Marshall JK, Thabane M, Garg AX, et al. Intestinal permeability in patients with irritable bowel syndrome after a waterborne outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in Walkerton, Ontario. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20:1317-22.
Rao AS, Camilleri M, Eckert DJ, et al. Urine sugars for in vivo gut permeability: validation and comparisons in irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea and controls. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 2011;301:G919-28.
Dunlop SP, Hebden J, Campbell E, et al. Abnormal intestinal permeability in subgroups of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1288-94.
Gecse K, Roka R, Sera T, et al. Leaky gut in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and inactive ulcerative colitis. Digestion 2012;85:40-6.
Piche T, Barbara G, Aubert P, et al. Impaired intestinal barrier integrity in the colon of patients with irritable bowel syndrome: involvement of soluble mediators. Gut 2009;58:196-201.
Bertiaux-Vandaele N, Youmba SB, Belmonte L, et al. The expression and the cellular distribution of the tight junction proteins are altered in irritable bowel syndrome patients with differences according to the disease subtype. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106:2165-73.
Gecse K, Roka R, Ferrier L, et al. Increased faecal serine protease activity in diarrhoeic IBS patients: a colonic lumenal factor impairing colonic permeability and sensitivity. Gut 2008;57:591-9.
Lee JW, Park JH, Park DI, et al. Subjects with diarrhea-predominant IBS have increased rectal permeability responsive to tryptase. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:2922-8.
Vazquez-Roque MI, Camilleri M, Smyrk T, et al. A controlled trial of gluten-free diet in patients with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea: effects on bowel frequency and intestinal function. Gastroenterology 2013;144:903-911 e3.
Piche T. Tight junctions and IBS--the link between epithelial permeability, low-grade inflammation, and symptom generation? Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014;26:296-302.
Young VB, Schmidt TM. Overview of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 2008;635:29-40.
Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, et al. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2005;308:1635-8.
Sekirov I, Russell SL, Antunes LC, et al. Gut microbiota in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2010;90:859-904.
Zoetendal EG, Rajilic-Stojanovic M, de Vos WM. High-throughput diversity and functionality analysis of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota. Gut 2008;57:1605-15.
Ohman L, Simren M. Intestinal microbiota and its role in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2013;15:323.
Salonen A, de Vos WM, Palva A. Gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: present state and perspectives. Microbiology (Reading, England) 2010;156:3205-15.
Jalanka-Tuovinen J, Salojarvi J, Salonen A, et al. Faecal microbiota composition and host-microbe cross-talk following gastroenteritis and in postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2014;63:1737-45.
Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Jonkers DM, Salonen A, et al. Intestinal microbiota and diet in IBS: causes, consequences, or epiphenomena? Am J Gastroenterol 2015;110:278-87.
Jeffery IB, O’Toole PW, Ohman L, et al. An irritable bowel syndrome subtype defined by species-specific alterations in faecal microbiota. Gut 2012;61:997-1006.
Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Biagi E, Heilig HG, et al. Global and deep molecular analysis of microbiota signatures in fecal samples from patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2011;141:1792-801.
Krogius-Kurikka L, Lyra A, Malinen E, et al. Microbial community analysis reveals high level phylogenetic alterations in the overall gastrointestinal microbiota of diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome sufferers. BMC Gastroenterol 2009;9:95.
Carroll IM, Ringel-Kulka T, Keku TO, et al. Molecular analysis of the luminal- and mucosal-associated intestinal microbiota in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011;301:G799-807.
Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, et al. Ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel patients exhibit distinct abnormalities of the gut microbiota. BMC gastroenterology 2010;10:134.
Malinen E, Krogius-Kurikka L, Lyra A, et al. Association of symptoms with gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2010;16:4532-40.
Parkes GC, Rayment NB, Hudspith BN, et al. Distinct microbial populations exist in the mucosa-associated microbiota of sub-groups of irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2012;24:31-9.
Parkes GC, Brostoff J, Whelan K, et al. Gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: their role in its pathogenesis and treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1557-67.
Shanahan F, Quigley EM. Manipulation of the microbiota for treatment of IBS and IBD-challenges and controversies. Gastroenterology 2014;146:1554-63.
Ohman L, Tornblom H, Simren M. Crosstalk at the mucosal border: importance of the gut microenvironment in IBS. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;12:36-49.
Zoetendal EG, von Wright A, Vilpponen-Salmela T, et al. Mucosa-associated bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract are uniformly distributed along the colon and differ from the community recovered from feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002;68:3401-7.
Vanner S. The small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Irritable bowel syndrome hypothesis: implications for treatment. Gut 2008;57:1315-21.
Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC. Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. The American journal of gastroenterology 2000;95:3503-6.
Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC. Normalization of lactulose breath testing correlates with symptom improvement in irritable bowel syndrome. a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. The American journal of gastroenterology 2003;98:412-9.
Posserud I, Stotzer PO, Bjornsson ES, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2007;56:802-8.
Walters B, Vanner SJ. Detection of bacterial overgrowth in IBS using the lactulose H2 breath test: comparison with 14C-D-xylose and healthy controls. The American journal of gastroenterology 2005;100:1566-70.
Ford AC, Spiegel BM, Talley NJ, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:1279-86.
Lo WK, Chan WW. Proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11:483-90.
Spiegel BM, Chey WD, Chang L. Bacterial overgrowth and irritable bowel syndrome: unifying hypothesis or a spurious consequence of proton pump inhibitors? Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:2972-6.
Pyleris E, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Tzivras D, et al. The prevalence of overgrowth by aerobic bacteria in the small intestine by small bowel culture: relationship with irritable bowel syndrome. Digestive diseases and sciences 2012;57:1321-9.
Dlugosz A, Winckler B, Lundin E, et al. No difference in small bowel microbiota between patients with irritable bowel syndrome and healthy controls. Sci Rep 2015;5:8508.
Bohn L, Storsrud S, Tornblom H, et al. Self-reported food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS are common and associated with more severe symptoms and reduced quality of life. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:634-41.
Bohn L, Storsrud S, Simren M. Nutrient intake in patients with irritable bowel syndrome compared with the general population. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013;25:23-30 e1.
Eswaran S, Tack J, Chey WD. Food: the forgotten factor in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology clinics of North America 2011;40:141-62.
Tobin MC, Moparty B, Farhadi A, et al. Atopic irritable bowel syndrome: a novel subgroup of irritable bowel syndrome with allergic manifestations. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2008;100:49-53.
Lea R, Whorwell PJ. The role of food intolerance in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology clinics of North America 2005;34:247-55.
Farup PG, Monsbakken KW, Vandvik PO. Lactose malabsorption in a population with irritable bowel syndrome: prevalence and symptoms. A case-control study. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 2004;39:645-9.
Skoog SM, Bharucha AE, Zinsmeister AR. Comparison of breath testing with fructose and high fructose corn syrups in health and IBS. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2008;20:505-11.
Skoog SM, Bharucha AE. Dietary fructose and gastrointestinal symptoms: a review. The American journal of gastroenterology 2004;99:2046-50.
Yang J, Deng Y, Chu H, et al. Prevalence and presentation of lactose intolerance and effects on dairy product intake in healthy subjects and patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11:262-268 e1.
Yang J, Fox M, Cong Y, et al. Lactose intolerance in irritable bowel syndrome patients with diarrhoea: the roles of anxiety, activation of the innate mucosal immune system and visceral sensitivity. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2014;39:302-11.
Shepherd SJ, Lomer MC, Gibson PR. Short-chain carbohydrates and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:707-17.
Halmos EP, Power VA, Shepherd SJ, et al. A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2014;146:67-75.e5.
Simren M. Diet as a therapy for irritable bowel syndrome: progress at last. Gastroenterology 2014;146 SRC - GoogleScholar:10-2.
King TS, Elia M, Hunter JO. Abnormal colonic fermentation in irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet 1998;352:1187-9.
Serra J, Villoria A, Azpiroz F, et al. Impaired intestinal gas propulsion in manometrically proven dysmotility and in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2010;22:401-6, e91.
Manichanh C, Eck A, Varela E, et al. Anal gas evacuation and colonic microbiota in patients with flatulence: effect of diet. Gut 2013.
Saito YA, Locke GR, III, Weaver AL, et al. Diet and functional gastrointestinal disorders: a population-based case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:2743-2748.
Ligaarden SC, Lydersen S, Farup PG. Diet in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome: a cross-sectional study in the general population. BMC Gastroenterol 2012;12:61.
Nanda R, James R, Smith H, et al. Food intolerance and the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1989;30:1099-1104.
Panicker R, Arifhodzic N, Al AM, et al. Association and symptom characteristics of irritable bowel syndrome among bronchial asthma patients in Kuwait. Ann.Thorac.Med. 2010;5:37-42.
Ozol D, Uz E, Bozalan R, et al. Relationship between asthma and irritable bowel syndrome: role of food allergy. J.Asthma 2006;43:773-775.
Kennedy TM, Jones RH, Hungin AP, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome, gastro-oesophageal reflux, and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in the general population. Gut 1998;43:770-774.
Cole JA, Rothman KJ, Cabral HJ, et al. Incidence of IBS in a cohort of people with asthma. Dig.Dis.Sci. 2007;52:329-335.
Lied GA, Lillestol K, Lind R, et al. Perceived food hypersensitivity: a review of 10 years of interdisciplinary research at a reference center. Scand.J Gastroenterol 2011;46:1169-1178.
Arslan G, Kahrs GE, Lind R, et al. Patients with subjective food hypersensitivity: the value of analyzing intestinal permeability and inflammation markers in gut lavage fluid. Digestion. 2004;70:26-35.
Zar S, Benson MJ, Kumar D. Food-specific serum IgG4 and IgE titers to common food antigens in irritable bowel syndrome. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2005;100:1550-1557.
Atkinson W, Sheldon TA, Shaath N, et al. Food elimination based on IgG antibodies in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Gut 2004;53:1459-1464.
Ligaarden SC, Lydersen S, Farup PG. IgG and IgG4 antibodies in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome: a case control study in the general population. BMC Gastroenterol 2012;12:166.
Wahnschaffe U, Schulzke JD, Zeitz M, et al. Predictors of clinical response to gluten-free diet in patients diagnosed with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2007;5:844-850.
Carroccio A, Mansueto P, D’Alcamo A, et al. Non-celiac wheat sensitivity as an allergic condition: personal experience and narrative review. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:1845-1852.
Palosuo K, Alenius H, Varjonen E, et al. A novel wheat gliadin as a cause of exercise-induced anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103:912-917.
Lee SE, Lee SY, Jo EJ, et al. Wheat-induced anaphylaxis in korean adults: a report of 6 cases. Clin Nutr.Res. 2013;2:76-79.
Hofmann SC, Fischer J, Eriksson C, et al. IgE detection to alpha/beta/gamma-gliadin and its clinical relevance in wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Allergy 2012;67:1457-1460.
Lammers KM, Lu R, Brownley J, et al. Gliadin induces an increase in intestinal permeability and zonulin release by binding to the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Gastroenterology 2008;135:194-204.
Dunn S, Datta A, Kallis S, et al. Validation of a food frequency questionnaire to measure intakes of inulin and oligofructose. Eur.J.Clin Nutr. 2011;65:402-408.
Moshfegh AJ, Friday JE, Goldman JP, et al. Presence of inulin and oligofructose in the diets of Americans. J Nutr. 1999;129:1407S-1411S.
Biesiekierski JR, Rosella O, Rose R, et al. Quantification of fructans, galacto-oligosacharides and other short-chain carbohydrates in processed grains and cereals. J Hum.Nutr.Diet. 2011;24:154-176.
Gibson PR, Shepherd SJ. Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach. J.Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2010;25:252-258.
Drossman DA, McKee DC, Sandler RS, et al. Psychosocial factors in the irritable bowel syndrome. A multivariate study of patients and nonpatients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1988;95:701-8.
Kettell J, Jones R, Lydeard S. Reasons for consultation in irritable bowel syndrome: symptoms and patient characteristics. The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 1992;42:459-61.
Blewett A, Allison M, Calcraft B, et al. Psychiatric disorder and outcome in irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosomatics 1996;37:155-60.
Drossman DA. Do psychosocial factors define symptom severity and patient status in irritable bowel syndrome? The American journal of medicine 1999;107:41S-50S.
Osterberg E, Blomquist L, Krakau I, et al. A population study on irritable bowel syndrome and mental health. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 2000;35:264-8.
Elsenbruch S, Thompson JJ, Hamish MJ, et al. Behavioral and physiological sleep characteristics in women with irritable bowel syndrome. The American journal of gastroenterology 2002;97:2306-14.
Sperber AD, Carmel S, Atzmon Y, et al. The sense of coherence index and the irritable bowel syndrome. A cross-sectional comparison among irritable bowel syndrome patients with and without coexisting fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome non-patients, and controls. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 1999;34:259-63.
Koloski NA, Jones M, Kalantar J, et al. The brain--gut pathway in functional gastrointestinal disorders is bidirectional: a 12-year prospective population-based study. Gut 2012;61:1284-90.
Katon W, Sullivan M, Walker E. Medical symptoms without identified pathology: relationship to psychiatric disorders, childhood and adult trauma, and personality traits. Annals of internal medicine 2001;134:917-25.
Fond G, Loundou A, Hamdani N, et al. Anxiety and depression comorbidities in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 2014;264:651-60.
Hu WHC, Wong WM, Lam CLK, et al. Anxiety but not depression determines health care-seeking behaviour in Chinese patients with dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: a population-based study. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2002;16:2081-8.
Rey de Castro NG, Miller V, Carruthers HR, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome: a comparison of subtypes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014.
Liu L, Xiao QF, Zhang YL, et al. A cross-sectional study of irritable bowel syndrome in nurses in China: prevalence and associated psychological and lifestyle factors. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014;15:590-7.
Jerndal P, Ringstrom G, Agerforz P, et al. Gastrointestinal-specific anxiety: an important factor for severity of GI symptoms and quality of life in IBS. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010;22:646-e179.
Labus JS, Mayer EA, Chang L, et al. The central role of gastrointestinal-specific anxiety in irritable bowel syndrome: further validation of the visceral sensitivity index. Psychosomatic medicine 2007;69:89-98.
Maxton DG, Morris J, Whorwell PJ. More accurate diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome by the use of ‘non-colonic’ symptomatology. Gut 1991;32:784-6.
Spiller RC, Humes DJ, Campbell E, et al. The Patient Health Questionnaire 12 Somatic Symptom scale as a predictor of symptom severity and consulting behaviour in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and symptomatic diverticular disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2010;32:811-20.
Lackner JM, Gudleski GD, Thakur ER, et al. The impact of physical complaints, social environment, and psychological functioning on IBS patients’ health perceptions: looking beyond GI symptom severity. The American journal of gastroenterology 2014;109:224-33.
Lackner JM, Ma CX, Keefer L, et al. Type, rather than number, of mental and physical comorbidities increases the severity of symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11:1147-57.
Vu J, Kushnir V, Cassell B, et al. The impact of psychiatric and extraintestinal comorbidity on quality of life and bowel symptom burden in functional GI disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014.
Bajor A, Gillberg P-G, Abrahamsson H. Bile acids: short and long term effects in the intestine. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 2010;45:645-64.
Smith MJ, Cherian P, Raju GS, et al. Bile acid malabsorption in persistent diarrhoea. J R Coll Physicians Lond 2000;34:448-51.
Slattery SA, Niaz O, Aziz Q, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of bile acid malabsorption in the irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015;42:3-11.
Oddsson E, Rask-Madsen J, Krag E. A secretory epithelium of the small intestine with increased sensitivity to bile acids in irritable bowel syndrome associated with diarrhoea. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 1978;13:408-16.
Taylor I, Basu P, Hammond P, et al. Effect of bile acid perfusion on colonic motor function in patients with the irritable colon syndrome. Gut 1980;21:843-7.
Camilleri M, Nadeau A, Tremaine WJ, et al. Measurement of serum 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (or 7alphaC4), a surrogate test for bile acid malabsorption in health, ileal disease and irritable bowel syndrome using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2009;21:734-e43.
Wong BS, Camilleri M, Carlson P, et al. Increased bile acid biosynthesis is associated with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10:1009-15 e3.
Shin A, Camilleri M, Vijayvargiya P, et al. Bowel functions, fecal unconjugated primary and secondary bile acids, and colonic transit in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11:1270-1275 e1.
Bajor A, Tornblom H, Rudling M, et al. Increased colonic bile acid exposure: a relevant factor for symptoms and treatment in IBS. Gut 2015;64:84-92.
Odunsi-Shiyanbade ST, Camilleri M, McKinzie S, et al. Effects of chenodeoxycholate and a bile acid sequestrant, colesevelam, on intestinal transit and bowel function. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association 2010;8:159-65.
Rao AS, Wong BS, Camilleri M, et al. Chenodeoxycholate in females with irritable bowel syndrome-constipation: a pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic analysis. Gastroenterology 2010;139:1549-58, 1558.e1.
Cash BD, Schoenfeld P, Chey WD. The utility of diagnostic tests in irritable bowel syndrome patients: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:2812-9.
Kaptchuk TJ, Friedlander E, Kelley JM, et al. Placebos without deception: a randomized controlled trial in irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One 2010;5:e15591.
Owens DM, Nelson DK, Talley NJ. The irritable bowel syndrome: long-term prognosis and the physician-patient interaction. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:107-12.
Herring MP, Puetz TW, O’Connor PJ, et al. Effect of exercise training on depressive symptoms among patients with a chronic illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of internal medicine 2012;172:101-11.
Rooks DS, Gautam S, Romeling M, et al. Group exercise, education, and combination self-management in women with fibromyalgia: a randomized trial. Archives of internal medicine 2007;167:2192-200.
Johannesson E, Simrén M, Strid H, et al. Physical activity improves symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. The American journal of gastroenterology 2011;106:915-22.
Chey WD. The role of food in the functional gastrointestinal disorders: introduction to a manuscript series. The American journal of gastroenterology 2013;108:694-7.
Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Lacy BE, et al. American College of Gastroenterology monograph on the management of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109 Suppl 1:S2-26; quiz S27.
Bijkerk CJ, de Wit NJ, Muris JWM, et al. Soluble or insoluble fibre in irritable bowel syndrome in primary care? Randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2009;339:b3154.
Eswaran S, Goel A, Chey WD. What role does wheat play in the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome? Gastroenterology & hepatology 2013;9:85-91.
Lacy BE. The Science, Evidence, and Practice of Dietary Interventions in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015.
Biesiekierski JR, Newnham ED, Irving PM, et al. Gluten causes gastrointestinal symptoms in subjects without celiac disease: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am.J Gastroenterol 2011;106:508-514.
Biesiekierski JR, Peters SL, Newnham ED, et al. No effects of gluten in patients with self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity after dietary reduction of fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates. Gastroenterology 2013;145:320-328.
Spencer M, Chey WD, Eswaran S. Dietary Renaissance in IBS: Has Food Replaced Medications as a Primary Treatment Strategy? Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2014;12:424-40.
Ong DK, Mitchell SB, Barrett JS, et al. Manipulation of dietary short chain carbohydrates alters the pattern of gas production and genesis of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 2010;25:1366-73.
Staudacher HM, Lomer MCE, Anderson JL, et al. Fermentable carbohydrate restriction reduces luminal bifidobacteria and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. The Journal of nutrition 2012;142:1510-8.
de Roest RH, Dobbs BR, Chapman BA, et al. The low FODMAP diet improves gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective study. International journal of clinical practice 2013;67:895-903.
Shepherd SJ, Parker FC, Muir JG, et al. Dietary triggers of abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: randomized placebo-controlled evidence. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association 2008;6:765-71.
Whigham L, Joyce T, Harper G, et al. Clinical effectiveness and economic costs of group versus one-to-one education for short-chain fermentable carbohydrate restriction (low FODMAP diet) in the management of irritable bowel syndrome. J Hum Nutr Diet 2015.
Carroccio A, Mansueto P, Iacono G, et al. Non-celiac wheat sensitivity diagnosed by double-blind placebo-controlled challenge: exploring a new clinical entity. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:1898-1906.
Gibson PR, Shepherd SJ. Food choice as a key management strategy for functional gastrointestinal symptoms. The American journal of gastroenterology 2012;107:657-66; quiz 667.
Bohn L, Storsrud S, Liljebo T, et al. Diet Low in FODMAPs Reduces Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome as Well as Traditional Dietary Advice: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Gastroenterology 2015.
Chapman RW, Stanghellini V, Geraint M, et al. Randomized clinical trial: macrogol/PEG 3350 plus electrolytes for treatment of patients with constipation associated with irritable bowel syndrome. The American journal of gastroenterology 2013;108:1508-15.
Khoshoo V, Armstead C, Landry L. Effect of a laxative with and without tegaserod in adolescents with constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2006;23:191-6.
Chang L, Lembo A, Sultan S. American Gastroenterological Association Institute Technical Review on the pharmacological management of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2014;147:1149-72 e2.
Cuppoletti J, Chakrabarti J, Tewari KP, et al. Differentiation between human ClC-2 and CFTR Cl- channels with pharmacological agents. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014;307:C479-92.
Jun JY. Role of lubiprostone on gastrointestinal motility. Journal of neurogastroenterology and motility 2013;19:277-8.
Chan WW, Mashimo H. Lubiprostone Increases Small Intestinal Smooth Muscle Contractions Through a Prostaglandin E Receptor 1 (EP1)-mediated Pathway. Journal of neurogastroenterology and motility 2013;19:312-8.
Drossman DA, Chey WD, Johanson JF, et al. Clinical trial: lubiprostone in patients with constipation-associated irritable bowel syndrome--results of two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2009;29:329-41.
Chey WD, Drossman DA, Johanson JF, et al. Safety and patient outcomes with lubiprostone for up to 52 weeks in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2012;35:587-99.
Castro J, Harrington AM, Hughes PA, et al. Linaclotide inhibits colonic nociceptors and relieves abdominal pain via guanylate cyclase-C and extracellular cyclic guanosine 3’,5’-monophosphate. Gastroenterology 2013;145:1334-46 e1-11.
Brierley SM. Guanylate cyclase-C receptor activation: unexpected biology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012;12:632-40.
Eutamene H, Bradesi S, Larauche M, et al. Guanylate cyclase C-mediated antinociceptive effects of linaclotide in rodent models of visceral pain. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 2010;22:312-e84.
Rao S, Lembo AJ, Shiff SJ, et al. A 12-week, randomized, controlled trial with a 4-week randomized withdrawal period to evaluate the efficacy and safety of linaclotide in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. The American journal of gastroenterology 2012;107:1714-24; quiz p.1725.
Chey WD, Lembo AJ, Lavins BJ, et al. Linaclotide for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: a 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy and safety. The American journal of gastroenterology 2012;107:1702-12.
Quigley EMM, Tack J, Chey WD, et al. Randomised clinical trials: linaclotide phase 3 studies in IBS-C - a prespecified further analysis based on European Medicines Agency-specified endpoints. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2013;37:49-61.
Miner P, DeLuca R, La Portilla M, et al. Plecanatide, a novel uroguanylin analog: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial to evaluate efficacy and safety in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C). American Journal of Gastroenterology 2014:S541.
Mok HY, Bell GD, Dowling RH. Effect of different doses of chenodeoxycholic acid on bile-lipid composition and on frequency of side-effects in patients with gallstones. Lancet 1974;2:253-7.
Fromm H, Sarva RP, Ravitch MM, et al. Effects of jejunoileal bypass on the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, bacterial flora in the upper small intestine, and absorption of vitamin B12. Metabolism: clinical and experimental 1983;32:1133-41.
Bazzoli F, Malavolti M, Petronelli A, et al. Treatment of constipation with chenodeoxycholic acid. The Journal of international medical research 1983;11:120-3.
Lavo B, Stenstam M, Nielsen AL, et al. Loperamide in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome-a double-blind placebo controlled study. Scand Suppl 1987;130 SRC - GoogleScholar:77-80.
Efskind PS, Bernklev T, Vatn MH. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial with loperamide in irritable bowel syndrome. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 1996;31:463-8.
Hovdenak N. Loperamide treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. Supplement 1987;130:81-4.
Wade PR, Palmer JM, McKenney S, et al. Modulation of gastrointestinal function by MuDelta, a mixed micro opioid receptor agonist/ micro opioid receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 2012;167:1111-25.
Lembo A, Dove S, Andrae D, et al. Eluxadoline for the Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Results of 2 Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Clinical Trials of Efficacy and Safety. Gastroenterology 2014;146:S-159.
Khanna R, MacDonald JK, Levesque BG. Peppermint oil for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2014;48:505-12.
Chmielewska-Wilkon D, Reggiardo G, Egan CG. Otilonium bromide in irritable bowel syndrome: a dose-ranging randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:12283-91.
Cash BD, Epstein MS, Shah SM. A Novel Delivery System of Peppermint Oil Is an Effective Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms. Dig Dis Sci 2015.
Drossman DA, Toner BB, Whitehead WE, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy versus education and desipramine versus placebo for moderate to severe functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 2003;125:19-31.
Vahedi H, Merat S, Momtahen S, et al. Clinical trial: the effect of amitriptyline in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2008;27:678-84.
Ford AC, Quigley EM, Lacy BE, et al. Effect of antidepressants and psychological therapies, including hypnotherapy, in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109:1350-65; quiz 1366.
Grover M, Drossman DA. Psychotropic agents in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008;8:715-23.
Thumshirn M, Coulie B, Camilleri M, et al. Effects of alosetron on gastrointestinal transit time and rectal sensation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000;14:869-78.
Chang L, Tong K, Ameen V. Ischemic colitis and complications of constipation associated with the use of alosetron under a risk management plan: clinical characteristics, outcomes, and incidences. The American journal of gastroenterology 2010;105:866-75.
Krause R, Ameen V, Gordon SH, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess efficacy and safety of 0.5 mg and 1 mg alosetron in women with severe diarrhea-predominant IBS. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:1709-19.
Cremonini F, Nicandro JP, Atkinson V, et al. Randomised clinical trial: alosetron improves quality of life and reduces restriction of daily activities in women with severe diarrhoea-predominant IBS. Alimentary pharmacology & therap