ROME IV FGIDs | Chapter 13: Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi Disorders

ROME IV FGIDs | Chapter 12: Centrally Mediated Disorders of Gastrointestinal Pain

ROME IV FGIDs | Chapter 14: Anorectal Disorders

Capodicasa E. Ruggero Oddi: 120 years after the description of the eponymous sphincter: a story to be remembered. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23:1200-1203.
Bielefeldt K, Saligram S, Zickmund SL, et al. Cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia: how did we get there? Dig Dis Sci 2014;59:2850-2863.
Behar J, Corazziari E, Guelrud M, et al. Functional gallbladder and sphincter of oddi disorders. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1498-1509.
Standring S, Borley N, Collins P, et al. Gallbladder and biliary tree. In: Standring S, ed. Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. 40th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2008:1177-1181.
Frierson HF, Jr. The gross anatomy and histology of the gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts, Vaterian system, and minor papilla. Am J Surg Pathol 1989;13:146-162.
Kasahara Y, Sonobe N, Tomiyoshi H, et al. Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder: a clinical survey of 30 surgically treated patients. Nihon Geka Hokan 1992;61:190-198.
Skandalakis JE, Skandalakis LJ, Colborn GL, et al. The duodenum. Surgical anatomy. Am Surg 1989;55:291-298.
Habib FI, Corazziari E, Biliotti D, et al. Manometric measurement of human sphincter of Oddi length. Gut 1988;29:121-125.
Flati G, Flati D, Porowska B, et al. Surgical anatomy of the papilla of Vater and biliopancreatic ducts. Am Surg 1994;60:712-718.
Carr-Locke DL, Gregg JA, Chey WY. Effects of exogenous secretin on pancreatic and biliary ductal and sphincteric pressures in man demonstrated by endoscopic manometry and correlation with plasma secretin levels. Dig Dis Sci 1985;30:909-917.
Woods CM, Mawe GM, Toouli J, et al. The sphincter of Oddi: understanding its control and function. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2005;17(Suppl 1):31-40.
Balemba OB, Salter MJ, Mawe GM. Innervation of the extrahepatic biliary tract. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2004;280:836-847.
Padbury RT, Baker RA, Messenger JP, et al. Structure and innervation of the extrahepatic biliary system in the Australian possum, Trichosurus vulpecula. HPB Surg 1993;7:125-140.
Lavoie B, Balemba OB, Nelson MT, et al. Morphological and physiological evidence for interstitial cell of Cajal-like cells in the guinea pig gallbladder. J Physiol 2007;579:487-501.
Burnett W, Gairns FW, Bacsich P. Some observations on the innervation of the extrahepatic biliary system in man. Ann Surg 1964;159:8-26.
Zhang M, Shimojo H, Ehara T, et al. Decreased distribution of nitric oxide synthase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide positive nerve cells in the sphincter of Oddi in humans with pancreatobiliary diseases. Arch Histol Cytol 2005;68:121-131.
Wyatt AP. The relationship of the sphincter of Oddi to the stomach, duodenum and gall-bladder. J Physiol 1967;193:225-243.
Pitt HA, Doty JE, DenBesten L, et al. Altered sphincter of Oddi phasic activity following truncal vagotomy. J Surg Res 1982;32:598-607.
Thune A, Jivegard L, Conradi N, et al. Cholecystectomy in the cat damages pericholedochal nerves and impairs reflex regulation of the sphincter of Oddi. A mechanism for postcholecystectomy biliary dyskinesia. Acta Chir Scand 1988;154:191-194.
Mawe GM, Moses PL, Saccone GTP, et al. Motility of the biliary tract. In: Yamada T, ed. Textbook of gastroenterology. 5th ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011:264-283.
Lanzini A, Jazrawi RP, Northfield TC. Simultaneous quantitative measurements of absolute gallbladder storage and emptying during fasting and eating in humans. Gastroenterology 1987;92:852-861.
Pallotta N, Corazziari E, Biliotti D, et al. Gallbladder volume variations after meal ingestion. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:2212-2216.
Pallotta N, Corazziari E, Scopinaro F, et al. Noninvasive estimate of bile flux through the gallbladder in humans. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1877-1885.
Pozo MJ, Camello PJ, Mawe GM. Chemical mediators of gallbladder dysmotility. Curr Med Chem 2004;11:1801-1812.
Tierney S, Pitt HA, Lillemoe KD. Physiology and pathophysiology of gallbladder motility. Surg Clin North Am 1993;73:1267-1290.
Abiru H, Sarna SK, Condon RE. Contractile mechanisms of gallbladder filling and emptying in dogs. Gastroenterology 1994;106:1652-1661.
Qvist N. Review article: gall-bladder motility after intestinal surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000;14 Suppl 2:35-38.
Masclee AA, Jansen JB, Driessen WM, et al. Effect of truncal vagotomy on cholecystokinin release, gallbladder contraction, and gallbladder sensitivity to cholecystokinin in humans. Gastroenterology 1990;98:1338-1344.
Thune A, Thornell E, Svanvik J. Reflex regulation of flow resistance in the feline sphincter of Oddi by hydrostatic pressure in the biliary tract. Gastroenterology 1986;91:1364-1369.
Sand J, Arvola P, Jantti V, et al. The inhibitory role of nitric oxide in the control of porcine and human sphincter of Oddi activity. Gut 1997;41:375-380.
Torsoli A, Ramorino ML, Palagi L, et al. Roentgen-cinematographic and electromanometric observations on the motility of the bile ducts. Sem Hop 1961;37:790-802.
Torsoli A, Corazziari E, Habib FI, et al. Pressure relationships within the human bile tract. Normal and abnormal physiology. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1990;175:52-57.
Doran FS. The sites to which pain is referred from the common bile-duct in man and its implication for the theory of referred pain. Br J Surg 1967;54:599-606.
Kingham JG, Dawson AM. Origin of chronic right upper quadrant pain. Gut 1985;26:783-788.
Chapman WP, Herrera R, Jones CM. A comparison of pain produced experimentally in lower esophagus, common bile duct, and upper small intestine with pain experienced by patients with diseases of biliary tract and pancreas. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1949;89:573-582.
Li C, Zhu Y, Shenoy M, et al. Anatomical and functional characterization of a duodeno-pancreatic neural reflex that can induce acute pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013;304:G490-G500.
Cotton PB, Durkalski V, Romagnuolo J, et al. Effect of endoscopic sphincterotomy for suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction on pain-related disability following cholecystectomy: the EPISOD randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;311:2101-2109.
Topazian M, Hong-Curtis J, Li J, et al. Improved predictors of outcome in postcholecystectomy pain. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004;38:692-696.
Goncalves RM, Harris JA, Rivera DE. Biliary dyskinesia: natural history and surgical results. Am Surg 1998;64:493-498.
Brosseuk D, Demetrick J. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptoms of biliary colic in the absence of gallstones. Am J Surg 2003;186:1-3.
Gall CA, Chambers KJ. Cholecystectomy for gall bladder dyskinesia: symptom resolution and satisfaction in a rural surgical practice. ANZ J Surg 2002;72:731-734.
Ozden N, DiBaise JK. Gallbladder ejection fraction and symptom outcome in patients with acalculous biliary-like pain. Dig Dis Sci 2003;48:890-897.
Duncan CB, Riall TS. Evidence-based current surgical practice: calculous gallbladder disease. J Gastrointest Surg 2012;16:2011-2025.
The epidemiology of gallstone disease in Rome, Italy. Part I. Prevalence data in men. The Rome Group for Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis (GREPCO). Hepatology 1988;8:904-906.
Prevalence of gallstone disease in an Italian adult female population. Rome Group for the Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis (GREPCO). Am J Epidemiol 1984;119:796-805.
Bielefeldt K. The rising tide of cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;37:98-106.
Johanning JM, Gruenberg JC. The changing face of cholecystectomy. Am Surg 1998;64:643-648.
Raptopoulos V, Compton CC, Doherty P, et al. Chronic acalculous gallbladder disease: multiimaging evaluation with clinical-pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986;147:721-724.
Chen PF, Nimeri A, Pham QH, et al. The clinical diagnosis of chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Surgery 2001;130:578-583.
Patel NA, Lamb JJ, Hogle NJ, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of biliary dyskinesia. Am J Surg 2004;187:209-212.
Joseph S, Moore BT, Sorensen GB, et al. Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a comparison with the gold standard. Surg Endosc 2011;25:3008-3015.
St Peter SD, Keckler SJ, Nair A, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the pediatric population. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2008;18:127-130.
Al-Homaidhi HS, Sukerek H, Klein M, et al. Biliary dyskinesia in children. Pediatr Surg Int 2002;18:357-360.
Hofeldt M, Richmond B, Huffman K, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for treatment of biliary dyskinesia is safe and effective in the pediatric population. Am Surg 2008;74:1069-1072.
Kaye AJ, Jatla M, Mattei P, et al. Use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia in the child. J Pediatr Surg 2008;43:1057-1059.
Escarce JJ, Chen W, Schwartz JS. Falling cholecystectomy thresholds since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. JAMA 1995;273:1581-1585.
Ransohoff DF, McSherry CK. Why are cholecystectomy rates increasing? JAMA 1995;273:1621-1622.
Pulvirenti E, Toro A, Gagner M, et al. Increased rate of cholecystectomies performed with doubtful or no indications after laparoscopy introduction: a single center experience. BMC Surg 2013;13:17.
Ros E, Navarro S, Bru C, et al. Occult microlithiasis in 'idiopathic' acute pancreatitis: prevention of relapses by cholecystectomy or ursodeoxycholic acid therapy. Gastroenterology 1991;101:1701-1709.
Dill JE, Hill S, Callis J, et al. Combined endoscopic ultrasound and stimulated biliary drainage in cholecystitis and microlithiasis—diagnoses and outcomes. Endoscopy 1995;27:424-427.
Sharma BC, Agarwal DK, Dhiman RK, et al. Bile lithogenicity and gallbladder emptying in patients with microlithiasis: effect of bile acid therapy. Gastroenterology 1998;115:124-128.
Catalano MF, Sahai A, Levy M, et al. EUS-based criteria for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis: the Rosemont classification. Gastrointest Endosc 2009;69:1251-1261.
DiSario J. Gallstones. ACP Smart Medicine (SM), Journal Club & AHFS DI® Essentials™ [Internet]. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians. STAT!Ref Online Electronic Medical Library; 2013 [cited 2014 Feb 12]. Available from: http://online.statref.com/Document.aspx?fxId=540&docId=1386.
Fenster LF, Lonborg R, Thirlby RC, et al. What symptoms does cholecystectomy cure? Insights from an outcomes measurement project and review of the literature. Am J Surg 1995;169:533-538.
Amaral J, Xiao ZL, Chen Q, et al. Gallbladder muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic acalculous disease. Gastroenterology 2001;120:506-511.
Merg AR, Kalinowski SE, Hinkhouse MM, et al. Mechanisms of impaired gallbladder contractile response in chronic acalculous cholecystitis. J Gastrointest Surg 2002;6:432-437.
Parkman HP, James AN, Bogar LJ, et al. Effect of acalculous cholecystitis on gallbladder neuromuscular transmission and contractility. J Surg Res 2000;88:186-192.
Ruffolo TA, Sherman S, Lehman GA, et al. Gallbladder ejection fraction and its relationship to sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:289-292.
Kalloo AN, Sostre S, Meyerrose GE, et al. Gallbladder ejection fraction. Nondiagnostic for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in patients with intact gallbladders. Clin Nucl Med 1994;19:713-719.
Kellow JE, Miller LJ, Phillips SF, et al. Altered sensitivity of the gallbladder to cholecystokinin octapeptide in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol 1987;253:G650-G655.
Sood GK, Baijal SS, Lahoti D, et al. Abnormal gallbladder function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:1387-1390.
Hemingway D, Neilly JB, Finlay IG. Biliary dyskinesia in idiopathic slow-transit constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 1996;39:1303-1307.
Chumpitazi BP, Malowitz SM, Moore W, et al. Concomitant gastroparesis negatively affects children with functional gallbladder disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012;54:776-779.
Kaminski DL, Deshpande Y, Thomas L, et al. Evaluation of the role of prostaglandins E and F in human cholecystitis. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1984;16:109-120.
Alcon S, Morales S, Camello PJ, et al. Contribution of different phospholipases and arachidonic acid metabolites in the response of gallbladder smooth muscle to cholecystokinin. Biochem Pharmacol 2002;64:1157-1167.
Kawabata A. Prostaglandin E2 and pain—an update. Biol Pharm Bull 2011;34:1170-1173.
DiBaise JK, Richmond BK, Ziessman HA, et al. Cholecystokinin-cholescintigraphy in adults: consensus recommendations of an interdisciplinary panel. Clin Nucl Med 2012;37:63-70.
Westlake PJ, Hershfield NB, Kelly JK, et al. Chronic right upper quadrant pain without gallstones: does HIDA scan predict outcome after cholecystectomy? Am J Gastroenterol 1990;85:986-990.
Yap L, Wycherley AG, Morphett AD, et al. Acalculous biliary pain: cholecystectomy alleviates symptoms in patients with abnormal cholescintigraphy. Gastroenterology 1991;101:786-793.
Portincasa P, Moschetta A, Colecchia A, et al. Measurements of gallbladder motor function by ultrasonography: towards standardization. Dig Liver Dis 2003;35 Suppl 3:S56-S61.
Corwin MT, Lamba R, McGahan JP. Functional MR cholangiography of the cystic duct and sphincter of Oddi using gadoxetate disodium: is a 30-minute delay long enough? J Magn Reson Imaging 2013;37:993-998.
Fidler JL, Knudsen JM, Collins DA, et al. Prospective assessment of dynamic CT and MR cholangiography in functional biliary pain. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013;201:W271-W282.
Strode JE. Biliary dyskinesia from the surgical viewpoint. Ann Surg 1943;117:198-206.
Spellman SJ, Shaffer EA, Rosenthall L. Gallbladder emptying in response to cholecystokinin. A cholescintigraphic study. Gastroenterology 1979;77:115-120.
Ziessman HA, Tulchinsky M, Lavely WC, et al. Sincalide-stimulated cholescintigraphy: a multicenter investigation to determine optimal infusion methodology and gallbladder ejection fraction normal values. J Nucl Med 2010;51:277-281.
Delgado-Aros S, Cremonini F, Bredenoord AJ, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: does gall-bladder ejection fraction on cholecystokinin cholescintigraphy predict outcome after cholecystectomy in suspected functional biliary pain? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;18:167-174.
DiBiase JK, Oleynikov D. Does gallbladder ejection fraction predict outcome after cholecystectomy for suspected chronic acalculous gallbladder dysfunction? A systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:2605-2611.
Riyad K, Chalmers CR, Aldouri A, et al. The role of (99m)technetium-labelled hepato imino diacetic acid (HIDA) scan in the management of biliary pain. HPB (Oxford) 2007;9:219-224.
Carr JA, Walls J, Bryan LJ, et al. The treatment of gallbladder dyskinesia based upon symptoms: results of a 2-year, prospective, nonrandomized, concurrent cohort study. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2009;19:222-226.
Gurusamy KS, Junnarkar S, Farouk M, et al. Cholecystectomy for suspected gallbladder dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009. Epub 2009/01/23. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007086.pub2.CD007086.
Bennett E, Evans P, Dowsett J, et al. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: psychosocial distress correlates with manometric dyskinesia but not stenosis. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:6080-6085.
Berger MY, Olde Hartman TC, Bohnen AM. Abdominal symptoms: do they disappear after cholecystectomy? Surg Endosc 2003;17:1723-1728.
Luman W, Adams WH, Nixon SN, et al. Incidence of persistent symptoms after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective study. Gut 1996;39:863-866.
Black NA, Thompson E, Sanderson CF. Symptoms and health status before and six weeks after open cholecystectomy: a European cohort study. ECHSS Group. European Collaborative Health Services Study Group. Gut 1994;35:1301-1305.
Vetrhus M, Berhane T, Soreide O, et al. Pain persists in many patients five years after removal of the gallbladder: observations from two randomized controlled trials of symptomatic, noncomplicated gallstone disease and acute cholecystitis. J Gastrointest Surg 2005;9:826-831.
Bar-Meir S, Halpern Z, Bardan E, et al. Frequency of papillary dysfunction among cholecystectomized patients. Hepatology 1984;4:328-330.
Evans PR, Dowsett JF, Bak YT, et al. Abnormal sphincter of Oddi response to cholecystokinin in postcholecystectomy syndrome patients with irritable bowel syndrome. The irritable sphincter. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40:1149-1156.
Hogan WJ, Geenen JE. Biliary dyskinesia. Endoscopy 1988;20(Suppl 1):179-183.
Sherman S, Lehman GA. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: diagnosis and treatment. JOP 2001;2:382-400.
Petersen BT. An evidence-based review of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: part I, presentations with "objective" biliary findings (types I and II). Gastrointest Endosc 2004;59:525-534.
Petersen BT. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, part 2: Evidence-based review of the presentations, with "objective" pancreatic findings (types I and II) and of presumptive type III. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;59:670-687.
Lin OS, Soetikno RM, Young HS. The utility of liver function test abnormalities concomitant with biliary symptoms in predicting a favorable response to endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with presumed sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1833-1836.
Freeman ML, Gill M, Overby C, et al. Predictors of outcomes after biliary and pancreatic sphincterotomy for sphincter of oddi dysfunction. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007;41:94-102.
Thune A, Saccone GT, Scicchitano JP, et al. Distension of the gall bladder inhibits sphincter of Oddi motility in humans. Gut 1991;32:690-693.
Grace PA, Pitt HA. Cholecystectomy alters the hormonal response of the sphincter of Oddi. Surgery 1987;102:186-194.
Luman W, Williams AJ, Pryde A, et al. Influence of cholecystectomy on sphincter of Oddi motility. Gut 1997;41:371-374.
Middelfart HV, Matzen P, Funch-Jensen P. Sphincter of Oddi manometry before and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Endoscopy 1999;31:146-151.
Fan MM, Li F, Zhang XW. Changes of the sphincter of Oddi motility in dog after cholecystectomy. J Dig Dis 2012;13:40-46.
Pasricha PJ. Unraveling the mystery of pain in chronic pancreatitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;9:140-151.
Desautels SG, Slivka A, Hutson WR, et al. Postcholecystectomy pain syndrome: pathophysiology of abdominal pain in sphincter of Oddi type III. Gastroenterology 1999;116:900-905.
Patti MG, Gorodner MV, Galvani C, et al. Spectrum of esophageal motility disorders: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Arch Surg 2005;140:442-449.
Majeed AW, Ross B, Johnson AG. The preoperatively normal bile duct does not dilate after cholecystectomy: results of a five year study. Gut 1999;45:741-743.
Mueller PR, Ferrucci JT, Jr., Simeone JF, et al. Postcholecystectomy bile duct dilatation: myth or reality? AJR Am J Roentgenol 1981;136:355-358.
Hughes J, Lo Curcio SB, Edmunds R, et al. The common duct after cholecystectomy: Initial report of a ten-year study. JAMA 1966;197:247-249.
Chawla S, Trick WE, Gilkey S, et al. Does cholecystectomy status influence the common bile duct diameter? A matched-pair analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:1155-1160.
Chung SC, Leung JW, Li AK. Bile duct size after cholecystectomy: an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic study. Br J Surg 1990;77:534-535.
Hunt DR, Scott AJ. Changes in bile duct diameter after cholecystectomy: a 5-year prospective study. Gastroenterology 1989;97:1485-1488.
Benjaminov F, Leichtman G, Naftali T, et al. Effects of age and cholecystectomy on common bile duct diameter as measured by endoscopic ultrasonography. Surg Endosc 2013;27:303-307.
Feng B, Song Q. Does the common bile duct dilate after cholecystectomy? Sonographic evaluation in 234 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;165:859-861.
Senturk S, Miroglu TC, Bilici A, et al. Diameters of the common bile duct in adults and postcholecystectomy patients: a study with 64-slice CT. Eur J Radiol 2012;81:39-42.
Zylberberg H, Fontaine H, Correas JM, et al. Dilated bile duct in patients receiving narcotic substitution: an early report. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000;31:159-161.
Faias S, Hoffman B, Paquin S, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for the evaluation of ductal dilation in asymptomatic patients with normal liver biochemistry. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;61:AB276.
Malik S, Kaushik N, Khalid A, et al. EUS yield in evaluating biliary dilatation in patients with normal serum liver enzymes. Dig Dis Sci 2007;52:508-512.
Coss A, Enns R. The investigation of unexplained biliary dilatation. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2009;11:155-159.
Songur Y, Temucin G, Sahin B. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the evaluation of dilated common bile duct. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001;33:302-305.
Cotton PB. ERCP is most dangerous for people who need it least. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:535-536.
Pasricha PJ. There is no role for ERCP in unexplained abdominal pain of pancreatic or biliary origin. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56:S267-S272.
Cohen S, Bacon BR, Berlin JA, et al. National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference Statement: ERCP for diagnosis and therapy, January 14-16, 2002. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56:803-809.
Steinberg WM, Salvato RF, Toskes PP. The morphine-prostigmin provocative test--is it useful for making clinical decisions? Gastroenterology 1980;78:728-731.
Rosenblatt ML, Catalano MF, Alcocer E, et al. Comparison of sphincter of Oddi manometry, fatty meal sonography, and hepatobiliary scintigraphy in the diagnosis of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:697-704.
Fullarton GM, Allan A, Hilditch T, et al. Quantitative 99mTc-DISIDA scanning and endoscopic biliary manometry in sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gut 1988;29:1397-1401.
Lee RG, Gregg JA, Koroshetz AM, et al. Sphincter of Oddi stenosis: diagnosis using hepatobiliary scintigraphy and endoscopic manometry. Radiology 1985;156:793-796.
Zeman RK, Burrell MI, Dobbins J, et al. Postcholecystectomy syndrome: evaluation using biliary scintigraphy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Radiology 1985;156:787-792.
Shaffer EA, Hershfield NB, Logan K, et al. Cholescintigraphic detection of functional obstruction of the sphincter of Oddi. Effect of papillotomy. Gastroenterology 1986;90:728-733.
Cicala M, Scopinaro F, Corazziari E, et al. Quantitative cholescintigraphy in the assessment of choledochoduodenal bile flow. Gastroenterology 1991;100:1106-1113.
Craig AG, Peter D, Saccone GT, et al. Scintigraphy versus manometry in patients with suspected biliary sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gut 2003;52:352-357.
Madacsy L, Middelfart HV, Matzen P, et al. Quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy and endoscopic sphincter of Oddi manometry in patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: assessment of flow-pressure relationship in the biliary tract. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000;12:777-786.
Corazziari E, Cicala M, Scopinaro F, et al. Scintigraphic assessment of SO dysfunction. Gut 2003;52:1655-1656.
Pineau BC, Knapple WL, Spicer KM, et al. Cholecystokinin-stimulated mebrofenin (99mTc-Choletec) hepatobiliary scintigraphy in asymptomatic postcholecystectomy individuals: assessment of specificity, interobserver reliability, and reproducibility. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:3106-3109.
Cicala M, Habib FI, Vavassori P, et al. Outcome of endoscopic sphincterotomy in post cholecystectomy patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction as predicted by manometry and quantitative choledochoscintigraphy. Gut 2002;50:665-668.
Thune A, Scicchitano J, Roberts-Thomson I, et al. Reproducibility of endoscopic sphincter of Oddi manometry. Dig Dis Sci 1991;36:1401-1405.
Corazziari E, Cicala M, Habib FI, et al. Hepatoduodenal bile transit in cholecystectomized subjects. Relationship with sphincter of Oddi function and diagnostic value. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:1985-1993.
Sand JA, Turjanmaa VM, Koskinen MO, et al. Variables affecting quantitative biliary scintigraphy in asymptomatic cholecystectomized volunteers. Hepatogastroenterology 1999;46:130-135.
Sostre S, Kalloo AN, Spiegler EJ, et al. A noninvasive test of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in postcholecystectomy patients: the scintigraphic score. J Nucl Med 1992;33:1216-1222.
Bertalan V, Szepes A, Lonovics J, et al. Assessment of the reproducibility of quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy (QHBS) in patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD)—inappropriate method or intermittent disease? Hepatogastroenterology 2006;53:160-165.
Darweesh RM, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ, et al. Efficacy of quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy and fatty-meal sonography for evaluating patients with suspected partial common duct obstruction. Gastroenterology 1988;94:779-786.
Drane WE, Johnson DA. Sincalide-augmented quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy (QHBS): definition of normal parameters and preliminary relationship between QHBS and sphincter of Oddi (SO) manometry in patients suspected of having SO dysfunction. J Nucl Med 1990;31:1462-1468.
Farup PG, Tjora S. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Dynamic cholescintigraphy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with papillotomy in diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989;24:956-960.
Grimon G, Buffet C, Andre L, et al. Biliary pain in postcholecystectomy patients without biliary obstruction. A prospective radionuclide study. Dig Dis Sci 1991;36:317-320.
Madacsy L, Velosy B, Lonovics J, et al. Differentiation between organic stenosis and functional dyskinesia of the sphincter of Oddi with amyl nitrite-augmented quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy. Eur J Nucl Med 1994;21:203-208.
Varadarajulu S, Hawes RH, Cotton PB. Determination of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in patients with prior normal manometry. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;58:341-344.
Ponce Garcia J, Garrigues V, Sala T, et al. Diazepam does not modify the motility of the sphincter of Oddi. Endoscopy 1988;20:87.
Elta GH, Barnett JL. Meperidine need not be proscribed during sphincter of Oddi manometry. Gastrointest Endosc 1994;40:7-9.
Fazel A, Burton FR. A controlled study of the effect of midazolam on abnormal sphincter of Oddi motility. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:637-640.
Wilcox CM, Linder J. Prospective evaluation of droperidol on sphincter of Oddi motility. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;58:483-487.
Fogel EL, Sherman S, Bucksot L, et al. Effects of droperidol on the pancreatic and biliary sphincters. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;58:488-492.
Goff JS. Effect of propofol on human sphincter of Oddi. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40:2364-2367.
Sherman S, Troiano FP, Hawes RH, et al. Sphincter of Oddi manometry: decreased risk of clinical pancreatitis with use of a modified aspirating catheter. Gastrointest Endosc 1990;36:462-466.
Toouli J, Roberts-Thomson IC, Kellow J, et al. Manometry based randomised trial of endoscopic sphincterotomy for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gut 2000;46:98-102.
Draganov PV, Kowalczyk L, Forsmark CE. Prospective trial comparing solid-state catheter and water-perfusion triple-lumen catheter for sphincter of Oddi manometry done at the time of ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2009;70:92-95.
Wehrmann T, Stergiou N, Schmitt T, et al. Reduced risk for pancreatitis after endoscopic microtransducer manometry of the sphincter of Oddi: a randomized comparison with the perfusion manometry technique. Endoscopy 2003;35:472-477.
Kawamoto M, Geenen J, Omari T, et al. Sleeve sphincter of Oddi (SO) manometry: a new method for characterizing the motility of the sphincter of Oddi. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2008;15:391-396.
Akita Y, Nimura Y, Yasui A. Percutaneous transhepatic manometry of sphincter of Oddi. Dig Dis Sci 1991;36:1410-1417.
Corazziari E, Torsoli A. Manometry of the sphincter of Oddi. Methodology and standardization. Z Gastroenterol Verh 1988;23:214-217.
Guelrud M, Mendoza S, Rossiter G, et al. Sphincter of Oddi manometry in healthy volunteers. Dig Dis Sci 1990;35:38-46.
Eversman D, Fogel EL, Rusche M, et al. Frequency of abnormal pancreatic and biliary sphincter manometry compared with clinical suspicion of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50:637-641.
Chan YK, Evans PR, Dowsett JF, et al. Discordance of pressure recordings from biliary and pancreatic duct segments in patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:1501-1506.
Raddawi HM, Geenen JE, Hogan WJ, et al. Pressure measurements from biliary and pancreatic segments of sphincter of Oddi. Comparison between patients with functional abdominal pain, biliary, or pancreatic disease. Dig Dis Sci 1991;36:71-74.
Cote GA, Imperiale TF, Schmidt SE, et al. Similar efficacies of biliary, with or without pancreatic, sphincterotomy in treatment of idiopathic recurrent acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2012;143:1502-1509e1.
Rolny P, Anderberg B, Ihse I, et al. Pancreatitis after sphincter of Oddi manometry. Gut 1990;31:821-824.
Tarnasky PR, Palesch YY, Cunningham JT, et al. Pancreatic stenting prevents pancreatitis after biliary sphincterotomy in patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gastroenterology 1998;115:1518-1524.
Singh P, Gurudu SR, Davidoff S, et al. Sphincter of Oddi manometry does not predispose to post-ERCP acute pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;59:499-505.
Fogel EL, Eversman D, Jamidar P, et al. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: pancreaticobiliary sphincterotomy with pancreatic stent placement has a lower rate of pancreatitis than biliary sphincterotomy alone. Endoscopy 2002;34:280-285.
Saad AM, Fogel EL, McHenry L, et al. Pancreatic duct stent placement prevents post-ERCP pancreatitis in patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction but normal manometry results. Gastrointest Endosc 2008;67:255-261.
Elmunzer BJ, Scheiman JM, Lehman GA, et al. A randomized trial of rectal indomethacin to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1414-1422.
Geenen JE, Hogan WJ, Dodds WJ, et al. The efficacy of endoscopic sphincterotomy after cholecystectomy in patients with sphincter-of-Oddi dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1989;320:82-87.
Sherman S, Lehman G, Jamidar P, et al. Efficacy of endoscopic sphincterotomy and surgical sphincteroplasty for patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD); randomized, controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc 1994;40:A125.
Arguedas MR, Linder JD, Wilcox CM. Suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction type II: empirical biliary sphincterotomy or manometry-guided therapy? Endoscopy 2004;36:174-178.
Rolny P. Endoscopic bile duct stent placement as a predictor of outcome following endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997;9:467-471.
Goff JS. Common bile duct sphincter of Oddi stenting in patients with suspected sphincter dysfunction. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:586-589.
Friedenberg F, Gollamudi S, Parkman HP. The use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. Dig Dis Sci 2004;49:165-175.
Pasricha PJ, Miskovsky EP, Kalloo AN. Intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin for suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gut 1994;35:1319-1321.
Wehrmann T, Seifert H, Seipp M, et al. Endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin for biliary sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Endoscopy 1998;30:702-707.
Zhao X, Pasricha PJ. Botulinum toxin for spastic GI disorders: a systematic review. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:219-235.
Banerjee B, Miedema B, Saifuddin T, et al. Intrasphincteric botulinum toxin type A for the diagnosis of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: a case report. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 1999;9:194-196.
Murray WR. Botulinum toxin-induced relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi may select patients with acalculous biliary pain who will benefit from cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 2011;25:813-816.
Murray W, Kong S. Botulinum toxin may predict the outcome of endoscopic sphincterotomy in episodic functional post-cholecystectomy biliary pain. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010;45:623-627.
Kalaitzakis E, Ambrose T, Phillips-Hughes J, et al. Management of patients with biliary sphincter of Oddi disorder without sphincter of Oddi manometry. BMC Gastroenterol 2010;10:124.
Khuroo MS, Zargar SA, Yattoo GN. Efficacy of nifedipine therapy in patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross over trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992;33:477-485.
Cheon YK, Cho YD, Moon JH, et al. Effects of vardenafil, a phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor, on sphincter of Oddi motility in patients with suspected biliary sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gastrointest Endosc 2009;69:1111-1116.
Vitton V, Delpy R, Gasmi M, et al. Is endoscopic sphincterotomy avoidable in patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;20:15-21.
Kong J, Wu SD, Zhang XB, et al. Choledochoscope manometry about different drugs on the Sphincter of Oddi. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:5907-5912.
Wu Q, Cotton PB, Durkalski V, et al. Sa1499 duloxetine for the treatment of patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: an open-label pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73:AB189.
Guelrud M, Rossiter A, Souney PF, et al. The effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation on sphincter of Oddi pressure in patients with biliary dyskinesia. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86:581-585.
Lee SK, Kim MH, Kim HJ, et al. Electroacupuncture may relax the sphincter of Oddi in humans. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:211-216.
Park SH, Watkins JL, Fogel EL, et al. Long-term outcome of endoscopic dual pancreatobiliary sphincterotomy in patients with manometry-documented sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and normal pancreatogram. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:483-491.
Choudhary A, Bechtold ML, Arif M, et al. Pancreatic stents for prophylaxis against post-ERCP pancreatitis: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73:275-282.
Mazaki T, Mado K, Masuda H, et al. Prophylactic pancreatic stent placement and post-ERCP pancreatitis: an updated meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol 2014;49:343-355.
Akshintala VS, Hutfless SM, Colantuoni E, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: pharmacological prophylaxis against post-ERCP pancreatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;38:1325-1337.
Partington PF. Twenty-three years of experience with sphincterotomy and sphincteroplasty for stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1977;145:161-168.
Moody FG, Becker JM, Potts JR. Transduodenal sphincteroplasty and transampullary septectomy for postcholecystectomy pain. Ann Surg 1983;197:627-636.
Nardi GL, Michelassi F, Zannini P. Transduodenal sphincteroplasty. 5–25 year follow-up of 89 patients. Ann Surg 1983;198:453-461.
Roberts KJ, Ismail A, Coldham C, et al. Long-term symptomatic relief following surgical sphincteroplasty for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Dig Surg 2011;28:304-308.
Madura JA, Madura JA 2nd, Sherman S, et al. Surgical sphincteroplasty in 446 patients. Arch Surg 2005;140:504-512.
Morgan KA, Romagnuolo J, Adams DB. Transduodenal sphincteroplasty in the management of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and pancreas divisum in the modern era. J Am Coll Surg 2008;206:908-914.
Lisbona R. The scintigraphic evaluation of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. J Nucl Med 1992;33:1223-1224.
Heetun ZS, Zeb F, Cullen G, et al. Biliary sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: response rates after ERCP and sphincterotomy in a 5-year ERCP series and proposal for new practical guidelines. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;23:327-333.
Botoman VA, Kozarek RA, Novell LA, et al. Long-term outcome after endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with biliary colic and suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gastrointest Endosc 1994;40:165-170.
Choudhry U, Ruffolo T, Jamidar P, et al. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in patients with intact gallbladder: therapeutic response to endoscopic sphincterotomy. Gastrointest Endosc 1993;39:492-495.
Gumaste VV, Roditis N, Mehta D, et al. Serum lipase levels in nonpancreatic abdominal pain versus acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:2051-2055.
Wilcox CM, Varadarajulu S, Eloubeidi M. Role of endoscopic evaluation in idiopathic pancreatitis: a systematic review. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;63:1037-1045.
Toouli J. The sphincter of Oddi and acute pancreatitis—revisited. HPB (Oxford) 2003;5:142-145.
Yadav D, O'Connell M, Papachristou GI. Natural history following the first attack of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:1096-1103.
Lankisch PG, Breuer N, Bruns A, et al. Natural history of acute pancreatitis: a long-term population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:2797-2805.
Druart-Blazy A, Pariente A, Berthelemy P, et al. The underestimated role of opiates in patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction after cholecystectomy. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2005;29:1220-1223.
Pariente A, Berthelemy P, Arotcarena R. The underestimated role of opiates in sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gastroenterology 2013;144:1571.
Venu RP, Geenen JE, Hogan W, et al. Idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis. An approach to diagnosis and treatment. Dig Dis Sci 1989;34:56-60.
Kaw M, Brodmerkel GJ, Jr. ERCP, biliary crystal analysis, and sphincter of Oddi manometry in idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:157-162.
Toouli J, Roberts-Thomson IC, Dent J, et al. Sphincter of Oddi motility disorders in patients with idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1985;72:859-863.
Wehrmann T. Long-term results (>/= 10 years) of endoscopic therapy for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in patients with acute recurrent pancreatitis. Endoscopy 2011;43:202-207.
Wilcox CM. Endoscopic therapy for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in idiopathic pancreatitis: from empiric to scientific. Gastroenterology 2012;143:1423-1426.
Testoni PA, Caporuscio S, Bagnolo F, et al. Idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis: long-term results after ERCP, endoscopic sphincterotomy, or ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1702-1707.
Pereira SP, Gillams A, Sgouros SN, et al. Prospective comparison of secretin-stimulated magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with manometry in the diagnosis of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction types II and III. Gut 2007;56:809-813.
Wehrmann T, Schmitt TH, Arndt A, et al. Endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin in patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis due to pancreatic sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000;14:1469-1477.
Toouli J, Di Francesco V, Saccone G, et al. Division of the sphincter of Oddi for treatment of dysfunction associated with recurrent pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1996;83:1205-1210.
Lee SP, Nicholls JF, Park HZ. Biliary sludge as a cause of acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 1992;326:589-593.
Guelrud M, Plaz J, Mendoza S, et al. Endoscopic treatment in type II pancreatic sphincter dysfunction. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;41:398.
Tarnasky PR, Hoffman B, Aabakken L, et al. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is associated with chronic pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:1125-1129.
Okolo PI 3rd, Pasricha PJ, Kalloo AN. What are the long-term results of endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy? Gastrointest Endosc 2000;52:15-19.
Ell C, Rabenstein T, Schneider HT, et al. Safety and efficacy of pancreatic sphincterotomy in chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;48:244-249.
Guidance for industry Irritable Bowel Syndrome—clinical evaluation of drugs for treatment [Internet]. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER); 2012. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidelines/UCM205269.pdf.
Farrar JT, Pritchett YL, Robinson M, et al. The clinical importance of changes in the 0 to 10 numeric rating scale for worst, least, and average pain intensity: analyses of data from clinical trials of duloxetine in pain disorders. J Pain 2010;11:109-118.
Durkalski V, Stewart W, MacDougall P, et al. Measuring episodic abdominal pain and disability in suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. World J Gastroenterol 2010;16:4416-4421.
Yi SQ, et al. Surgical anatomy of innervation of the gallbladder in humans and Suncus murinus with special reference to morphological understanding of gallstone formation after gastrectomy. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:2066-2071
Torsoli A, et al. Frequencies and cyclical pattern of the human sphincter of Oddi phasic activity. Gut 1986;27:363-369
Haubrich, WS. Abdominal pain. In: Huabrich, WS, et al., eds. Bockus gastroenterology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1995:11
Skandalakis LJ, Skandalakis JE, eds. Surgical anatomy and technique: a pocket manual. New York: Springer, 2014.

You must be logged in with a subscription to access this page. Click here to login.